35名人大代表联署议案:加快制定外国国家豁免法
中国日报网 2020-05-27 13:28
全国人大代表、北京市社会科学院法学所研究员马一德在接受记者采访时表示,建议尽快制定符合我国国情的外国国家豁免法(foreign states immunities law)。
Formulating a foreign states immunities law will protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens as well as foreign investors, said Ma Yide, a deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC) and a law researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences. It will also counteract malicious litigations raised in countries like the United States towards China over the COVID-19 response, Ma told reporters.
全国人大代表、北京市社会科学院法学所研究员马一德对记者表示,制定外国国家豁免法将平等保护我国国民和外国投资者合法权益,同时对等反制美国等以新冠肺炎疫情向中国提出的恶意指控。
【知识点】
国家主权豁免(state sovereign immunity)是指国家根据国家主权和国家平等原则不接受他国管辖的特权。国家主权豁免是国家平等的必然结果。
一般认为,国家及其财产豁免权(state sovereign and property immunity)的内容包括以下三个方面:
1、司法管辖豁免(immunity from jurisdiction):即未经一国同意,他国法院不得受理以该外国国家为被告或者以该外国国家财产为诉讼标的的案件。
2、诉讼程序豁免(immunity from litigation):即未经一国同意,即使放弃管辖豁免,外国法院也不得对该国财产采取诉讼保全措施,不得强制出庭作证以及实施其他诉讼程序上的强制措施。
3、强制执行豁免(immunity from forcible execution):一国同意在他国法院中作为被告或主动作为原告参加民事诉讼,在未经该国同意时,他国法院不得根据本国判决对该国财产实行强制执行。
在管辖豁免适用范围方面,主要有绝对豁免和限制豁免两种。
绝对豁免(absolute immunity)主张不论一国行为及其财产的性质如何,也不论该国的财产位于何地、为谁所控制,该国及其财产在其他国家法院都享有豁免权,除非该国本身自愿放弃这种豁免权;否则,任何其他国家的法院都无权受理以该国为被告或以该国财产为诉讼标的的民事案件。
限制豁免(limited immunity)则将国家行为分为公法行为(也称主权行为、统治权行为) 和私法行为(也称非主权行为、事务权行为、商业行为) ,并且只对外国国家的公法行为及用于该类行为的国家财产予以管辖豁免,对其商业行为及用于该类行为的财产则行使管辖权。
马一德解释说,
The lack of such a law has emerged as a prominent issue in the current epidemic as some countries, led by the United States, tried to shift the blame for their own governments' incompetence on COVID-19 response.
这一问题在此次疫情中尤为凸显,以美国为首的部分国家试图转嫁本国政府防疫、控疫不力的责任。
Some groups and individuals in some countries even cited the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of the United States to bring litigations to the Chinese government and relevant departments.
甚至一些国家的团体或个人依据美国的外国主权豁免法对我国政府和相关部门提起诉讼。
"This has trampled on the internationally recognized principle of sovereign immunity, and is also a show of hegemony and power politics," Ma said, stressing the necessity and urgency for China to formulate a foreign states immunities law.
这既是对国家及其财产豁免这一国际法原则的践踏,也是国际霸权与强权主义的体现,但同时凸显出我国制定外国国家豁免法的必要性、紧迫性。
China follows the principle of absolute immunity of foreign states and their property, thus Chinese litigants are unable to sue foreign governments from domestic courts, while Chinese governments have often been sued in foreign courts, he added.
遵循外国国家及其财产绝对豁免的一般原则,我国当事人难以在国内法院对他国提起诉讼主张权益,我国政府却作为被告在外国法院被频频起诉。
马一德表示,在新形势下,建议重新对国家豁免问题进行审视,由绝对豁免原则转向国际主流的限制豁免原则,尽快制定符合我国国情的国家豁免法。
From a long-term perspective, adopting a limited immunities principle will show a responsible manner of the Chinese government to foreign investors, ensure stable expectations for the protection of their investments, and facilitate China's new round of opening-up and the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, he said.
长远来看,采取限制豁免原则将向外国投资者展示中国政府负责任的态度,为保护其投资提供稳定预期,助力我国新一轮对外开放、‘一带一路’倡议深化发展。
据了解,在当前错综复杂国际形势和疫情防控常态化背景下,这一建议一经提出就获得了代表们的理解、认同和支持,北京代表团代表中超过35人联名签署并提交该议案。该议案目前已被大会议案组接收并分送有关专门委员会研究。
【相关词汇】
政治互信
political mutual trust
人文交流
people-to-people exchanges
战略沟通
strategic communication
和平共处五项原则
the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
相互尊重主权和领土完整
respect one another's sovereignty and territorial integrity
参考来源:新华网
(中国日报网英语点津 Helen)