一位网友想知道如何区分及物动词和不及物动词以及谓语动词和非谓语动词。要想区分及物动词和不及物动词,首先要判断动词后是否需要接直接宾语。谓语动词和非谓语动词的主要区别则在于动词在句中的成分以及它是否会因人称和时态的变化而变化。听节目中两位主持人的讲解。
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(关于台词的备注: 请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。)
Jiaying
大家好,欢迎收听 BBC英语教学的 “你问我答” 节目,我是佳莹。
Phil
And I'm Phil. Welcome!
Jiaying
本期节目的问题来自一位网友,问题由我来代读:
Question
您好,请问及物动词和不及物动词的区别以及谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别是什么?谢谢!
Phil
OK, there are two parts to this question, so I think we should start by looking at the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs.
Jiaying
好的,我们先来回答这个问题的第一部分,也就是及物动词和不及物动词的区别。在区分这两类动词的时候,大家要记住这个关键点:及物动词需要接直接宾语,而不及物动词可以不接宾语。
Phil
Sometimes that difference is really clear – look at the words 'say' and 'talk'. If we use the word 'say', then we have to mention what's being said – that's the direct object. It's transitive – listen to these examples.
Examples
Can I say a few words?
(我能说几句话吗?)
He just said his name. Didn't you hear?
(他刚刚说了他的名字。你没听到吗?)
Jiaying
在上面的两个例句中,“say(说)” 和 “said(说了)” 的后面分别接宾语 “a few words(几句话)” 和 “his name(他的名字)”。这两句话的宾语都是所说的具体内容。这里我们不能省略及物动词 “say” 或 “said” 后面的直接宾语。
Phil
So, now let's look at 'talk'. It has a similar meaning to 'say', but don't use a direct object with it – it's intransitive. Listen to these examples.
Examples
We talked for hours. I'm really tired now!
(我们聊了好几个小时。我现在真的很累!)
He talks too much. I usually get bored.
(他太能说了。我通常会感到无聊。)
Jiaying
虽然动词 “talk” 和 “say” 都表示 “说”,但 “talk” 的具体含义是 “讲话,谈话”,它是不及物动词,所以不接直接宾语。
Phil
Now, an important thing to notice is that many verbs in English can be used as either transitive or intransitive.
Jiaying
没错,英语中有很多动词既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。来听两个例句,例句中都使用了动词 “drink”。
Examples
I drink whenever I exercise.
(我每次锻炼时都会喝水。)
I drink coffee with my breakfast every day.
(我每天早餐都喝咖啡。)
Jiaying
这两个例句都用了动词 “drink(喝)”。在第一个例句中,“drink” 是不及物动词,不接直接宾语,这里 “drink” 可以理解为 “喝水”;在第二个例句中,“drink” 则是及物动词,后面接宾语 “coffee(咖啡)”。
Phil
OK, hopefully we've managed to answer your question about transitive and intransitive verbs. Now let's look at predicate and non-predicate verbs – also called 'finite' and 'non-finite' verbs.
Jiaying
谓语动词和非谓语动词也分别被称作 “限定动词” 和 “非限定动词”。
谓语动词通常会根据人称和时态的变化而变化,而且它通常是句子中的主动词。
Examples
I drank some milk.
(我喝了一些牛奶。)
She drinks eight glasses of water a day.
(她每天喝八杯水。)
Jiaying
第一个例句是一般过去时,所以谓语动词用过去式 “drank(喝了)”;第二个例句是一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,所以谓语动词用 “drinks(喝)”。
Phil
Now, non-predicate or non-finite verbs don't change for tense or person. They can be infinitives, some -ing forms or some -ed forms like the past participle.
Jiaying
非谓语动词并不会因为人称或时态的变化而发生变化。非谓语动词可能是不定式 “to do”、现在分词等一些动词的 -ing 形式或者过去分词等一些动词的 -ed 形式。听三个例句,例句中使用了 “drink” 的不同形式,边听边思考每句话中非谓语动词起到的作用。
Examples
I really need something to drink.
(我真得喝点什么。)
Drinking coffee makes me more alert.
(喝咖啡让我更清醒。)
I have drunk all the water in the bottle.
(我把瓶子里的水都喝光了。)
Jiaying
在第一个例句中,非谓语动词 “to drink” 用来修饰 “something(东西)”,所以 “to drink” 起到了形容词的作用:“something to drink” 的意思就是 “用来喝的东西”。
Phil
The second example has the gerund 'drinking', which is acting like a noun.
Jiaying
是的,第二个例句中的动名词 “drinking” 是非谓语动词,它在句子中起到了名词的作用。第三个例句中的过去分词 “drunk” 是非谓语动词,它是构成现在完成时的一部分。
Phil
In this programme, we've looked at different ways of using verbs – we've looked at transitive and intransitive uses and predicate and non-predicate ways of using verbs.
Jiaying
希望通过我们的讲解,大家对英语中动词的一些新用法有了更深的理解。
Phil
Remember that if you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以把问题发送到我们的微博,微博账号是 “BBC英语教学”。Bye, everyone!
Phil
Bye!