你问我答
易混词辨析:maximum、maximal、optimum、optimal
内容简介
听众 Tony 来信询问易混词 “maximum” 和 “maximal” 以及 “optimum” 和 “optimal” 之间的区别。这四个词都可以作形容词使用。“Maximum” 和 “maximal” 的意思都包含 “最高的”;“optimum” 和 “optimal” 的意思都包含 “最佳的”,这也正是它们让人困惑的地方。本期节目将一一讲解它们的用法及区别。
文字稿
(关于台词的备注:请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。)
Jiaying
大家好,欢迎收听 BBC英语教学的 “你问我答” 节目。I'm Jiaying.
Phil
And I'm Phil, welcome!
Jiaying
本期节目要回答的问题来自听众 Tony,问题由我来代读:
Question
Hi, my name is Tony from Shenzhen, China. I have a question for you. Could you please help explain the difference between 'maximum' and 'maximal', and between 'optimum' and 'optimal'?
Phil
OK, so we've got two pairs of words – and the words in each pair are closely related. It's a great question because it's very easy to confuse them.
Jiaying
是的,问题中的单词可以被分为两组:第一组是 “maximum” 和 “maximal”;第二组是 “optimum” 和 “optimal”。先来看第一组单词 “maximum” 和 “maximal”。
Phil
Why not? OK. Both 'maximum' and 'maximal' are about something being the highest or largest number or quantity.
Jiaying
是的,这两个词都和 “事物的最大数量或数值” 有关,但它们的区别在于用法和所使用的语境不同。
Phil
So, the thing to remember is that 'maximal' is only used as an adjective, and is only commonly used in scientific language.
Jiaying
要记住:“maximal” 只能作形容词,意思是 “最多的,最大的,最高的”,而且它通常只在谈论科学的语境中才常用。听两个例句。
Examples
The patient's maximal heart rate is 170 beats per minute.
(患者的最大心率为每分钟170次。)
The maximal temperature for safe storage is 25 degrees.
(安全储存的最高温度是25度。)
Jiaying
再来看 “maximum”。“Maximum” 常作形容词使用,意思也是 “最多的,最大的,最高的”;它还可以作名词使用,意思是 “最大限度,最大值”。在非正式的语境中,它甚至可以作副词。“Maximum” 的用法并不局限于科学领域,它可以用来谈论多种不同的事物,而且比形容词 “maximal” 要更常用。听三个例句。
Examples
I'm not sure this hall is big enough for all our guests. They said that 50 is the maximum.
(我不确定这个大厅足够容纳所有的客人。他们说最多容纳50人。)
The maximum speed that you can drive at on the motorway is 110 kilometres per hour.
(这条高速公路上的最高时速为110公里。)
I'm only going to work maximum five hours today.
(我打算今天最多工作五个小时。)
Phil
Now, let's look at 'optimum' and 'optimal' – these words are often used in the same way and mean the same as 'best'.
Jiaying
“Optimum” 和 “optimal” 的相同点是两者都可以作形容词,表示 “最佳的,最优的”。听两个例句。
Examples
150 minutes per week is the optimum amount of time to spend exercising.
(每周150分钟是锻炼身体的最佳时长。)
This idea is the cheapest, so I think it's the optimal solution.
(这个办法的成本最低,所以我认为这是最佳的解决方案。)
Phil
Now, here's the difference: it's less common, but we can use 'optimum' as a noun. 'Optimal' can't be used in this way.
Jiaying
是的,“optimum” 和 “optimal” 之间的区别是:“optimum” 还可以作名词使用,指 “最佳效果、状态,最适宜条件”,而 “optimal” 则没有这个用法。注意:“optimum” 的名词用法并没有它的形容词用法常见。听两个例句。
Examples
This chemical reaction reaches its optimum at 35 degrees.
(这种化学反应在35度时达到最佳状态。)
During the summer months, the plant's growth is at its optimum.
(在夏季月份里,这种植物的生长处于最佳状态。)
Jiaying
好了,大家可以这样记忆问题中四个词之间的主要区别:“maximal” 和 “optimal” 只能作形容词使用;而 “maximum” 和 “optimum” 的词性则不局限于形容词,而且用法相对灵活。
Phil
Don't forget that 'maximal' is only really used in scientific language, while it's not that common to use 'optimum' as a noun.
Remember that if you have a question you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以把问题通过微博私信的方式发给我们,我们的微博账号是 “BBC英语教学”。谢谢收听本期 “你问我答” 节目。Bye, everyone!
Phil
Bye.