BBC Learning English 英语教学
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你问我答

如何判断应用现在分词还是过去分词?

内容简介

一位听众来信询问如何判断在句子中应使用现在分词还是过去分词。英语中的分词分为以 -ing 结尾的现在分词和多以 -ed 结尾的过去分词。虽然在一些极为特殊的句子中,这两种分词可以互换使用,但在大多数情况下,它们在句中起到的作用是不同的。本期节目从分词所在句子的时态、动作的主动或被动性等多个角度分析现在分词和过去分词的用法。

文字稿

(关于台词的备注: 请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。)

Jiaying
大家好,欢迎收听 BBC 英语教学的 “你问我答” 节目。I'm Jiaying. 

Phil
And I'm Phil. We have a question from one of our listeners: 

Question
我想问有关分词的用法,现在分词跟过去分词都看见有人用,不知道如何区分哪个才是对的。比如:到底是 “I am starving to death.” 还是 “I am starved to death.”?是 “I am heading to London.” 还是 “I am headed to London.”?

Phil
In this programme, we will be looking at participles. We know that regular past participles end in -ed and that present participles end in -ing.

Jiaying
规则的动词过去分词以 “-ed” 结尾,现在分词以 “-ing” 结尾。 

Phil
OK. Participles can be used in many different ways in English.

Jiaying
英语中,分词的用法多样,它们常用来构成动词的完成时态或进行时态。部分动词的现在分词和过去分词可以作形容词使用,甚至是用在一句话中构成分句的一部分。

我们先来看一下问题中提到的第一组句子。

Phil
'I am starving to death' and 'I am starved to death'. Now, these sentences are probably most commonly used as hyperbole, and in that case, they would mean the same. 'Starving' and 'starved' could both be acting as adjectives here.

Jiaying
“I am starving to death. (我快要饿坏了。)” 这里,动词 “starve(挨饿)” 的现在分词 “starving” 作形容词使用,表示 “极饿的,饿坏了的”。作形容词使用的现在分词多用来表示主动进行的动作。 

“I am starved to death.” 的意思也是 “我快要饿坏了。” 这里,过去分词 “starved” 也可以理解为作形容词使用,它可能暗示了我是因为某个人而挨饿的。作形容词使用的过去分词多表示被动完成的动作。但要注意,这只是一个常见的模式,并不是绝对的规律。

Phil
Let's look at the second pair of sentences in the question – "I am heading to London." and "I am headed to London".

Jiaying
“I am heading to London. ” 暗示了说话人正在去伦敦的途中。而 “I am headed to London” 则暗示说话人计划、打算去伦敦,但可能还没出发。

Phil
The present participle is being used in a different way here – rather than as an adjective, 'heading' is part of a sentence in the present continuous. The past participle 'headed' could be acting as an adjective here. 

Jiaying
这两句话中的现在分词 “heading” 和过去分词 “headed” 的用法不同。“Heading” 所在的句子是现在进行时,它在这里是动词 “head” 的进行时;而 “headed” 所在的句子是一般现在时,“headed” 在这里可以理解为动词 “head” 的被动语态或者作形容词使用,表示 “朝…走的”。 

Phil
In reality, there may be little difference, and some regional varieties of English may prefer one form to the other. 

Jiaying
说完了问题中的两组句子。我们再来看一类比较难判断应该使用现在分词还是过去分词的情况。 

Phil
This is when participles are used as adjectives to describe feelings. Feeling adjectives that are formed with the past participle, ending in -ed, are often about how we feel. Feeling adjectives formed with the present participle, that's -ing, are often about what makes us feel that way.

Jiaying
我们称这类表示感受的形容词为 “feeling adjectives”。我们通常用以 “-ed” 结尾的过去分词表示人的内在感受,比如:“tired(累的)”、“interested(感兴趣的)”。用 “-ing” 结尾的现在分词强调是谁或什么事情给人造成了这种感受,比如 “tiring(令人感到累的)”、“interesting(有趣的)”。来听两组例句。

Examples
This work is tiring. I need a lie down.
(这工作很累人。我需要躺下歇歇。)
I'm tired. I need a lie down.
(我累了。我需要躺下休息。)

She's so interesting. I could listen to her talk for hours!
(她真有趣。我可以长时间听她讲话!)
I'm really interested in what she has to say.
(我对她说的话很感兴趣。)

Jiaying
再来补充一种情况:我们可以用现在分词或过去分词构成一句话中的分句的一部分,以解释说明事情发生的原因或方式。来听两组例句。 

Examples
Panicking, she got her things together and left for the airport.
(她惊慌失措,收拾好东西后就去了机场。)
Panicked at the thought of missing the plane, she left for the airport.
(怕可能赶不上飞机,她就急急忙忙地去了机场。)   

Soaked by the rain, he turned and walked home.
(他浑身上下被雨淋得湿透,所以转身往家走。)
The rain got heavier, soaking everyone in the square.
(雨越下越大,淋湿了广场上的每个人。)

Phil
In these examples, the present participles 'panicking' and 'soaking' act in a similar way to an active verb, while the past participles 'panicked' and 'soaked' act in a similar way to a passive verb. 

Jiaying
好了,希望我们的讲解能帮助你更好地判断什么时候用现在分词,什么时候用过去分词。 

Phil
If you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk 

Jiaying
你也可以通过微博向我们提问。我们的微博账号是 “BBC英语教学”。Bye. 

Phil
Bye.

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