双语新闻播报（November 24）

> Brazil swelters in heatwave as health warnings issued
巴西热浪袭人 该国各地发出健康警告

It’s still spring in Brazil, but a dangerous heat wave is sweeping across large swaths of the country, forcing Rio de Janeiro’s vendors off the streets due to health alerts, and driving up energy demand amid reports of power outages.
虽然巴西仍然是春天的季节，但危险的热浪正席卷该国的大片地区。里约热内卢的小贩因健康警报而被迫离开街道，并在停电的报道中推高了能源需求。

Most Brazilian states face “great danger” from the heat, according to the National Institute of Meteorology.
据巴西国家气象研究所称，巴西大多数州都面临着来自高温的“巨大危险”。

The institution issued a red alert for the central-west, southeast and parts of the north, warning of “a high probability of major damage and accidents, with risks to physical integrity or even human life.”
该机构对中西部、东南部和北部部分地区发布了红色预警，警告“极有可能造成重大损失和事故，危及人身安全甚至生命”。

Cariocas — as residents of Rio are known — have always seen sun, heat and the beach as part of their identity, said Núbia Beray, coordinator of Rio de Janeiro Federal University’s GeoClima laboratory.
里约热内卢联邦大学GeoClima实验室协调员努比亚•贝雷表示，里约热内卢人一直把阳光、高温和海滩视为他们生活的一部分。

But this is too much even for many of them, she said.
但她说，现在的情况对他们中的许多人来说也是过于极端。

“Cariocas come home from work in buses without air conditioning. Street vendors cannot work because they sometimes faint. The heat kills,” Beray said.
贝雷表示：“里约人下班后乘坐没有空调的公交车回家。街头小贩无法工作，因为他们有时会晕倒。高温是致命的。”

Extreme heat can affect breathing, kidneys, and the heart, with the very young and elderly particularly at risk.
极端高温会影响呼吸、肾脏和心脏，尤其是年幼者和老年人。

> Polluted air can negatively impact children’s test scores
耶鲁大学最新研究：空气污染降低学生学习成绩

A new study led by researchers at the Yale School of Public Health finds air pollution may negatively impact standardized test scores.
耶鲁大学公共卫生学院的研究人员领导的一项新研究发现，空气污染可能会对标准化考试成绩产生负面影响。

The cross-sectional study, employing a two-way fixed-effects model, appears in the open access peer-reviewed medical journal JAMA Network Open.
这项采用双因素固定效应模型的横断面研究，发表在开放获取的同行评审医学期刊《JAMA Network Open》上。

Using data from the North Carolina Education Research Data Center, the researchers tracked 2.8 million public school students in North Carolina from 2001 to 2018 and measured their exposure to PM2.5, also known as fine particulate matter, found in polluted air.
研究人员利用北卡罗来纳州教育研究数据中心的数据，追踪调查了2001年至2018年间北卡罗来纳州280万名公立学校学生，并测量了他们暴露于污染空气中的PM2.5的情况。

While previous research has shown an association with adverse outcomes on academic performance in children, it has relied on relatively small or less representative samples and faced other challenges.
虽然以前的研究表明，空气污染对儿童学业表现有负面影响，但它依赖于相对较小或不太具有代表性的样本和其他挑战。

“The biggest strength of this study is that we [tracked] every student in North Carolina in those years, for the whole time period that they were in the public schools,” said Emma Zang, co-author of the study and an assistant professor of sociology, biostatistics, and global affairs at Yale. “Air pollution has been shown to affect a lot of things, but the effect of air pollution on students' academic performance is still relatively new.”
该研究的合著者、耶鲁大学社会学、生物统计学和全球事务助理教授艾玛•臧（音译)说:“这项研究最大的优势在于，我们[追踪]了北卡罗来纳州当年的每一名学生，在他们就读公立学校的整个期间。空气污染已经被证明会影响诸多方面，但空气污染对学生学习成绩的影响仍然是相对较新的。”

The study also found that test scores of ethnic minorities and girls were disproportionately affected by PM2.5 levels. “
研究还发现，少数族裔和女孩的考试成绩受PM2.5水平的影响更为严重。

Females and racial ethnic minorities face structural sexism and structural racism,” Zang said. “There are a lot of policies that are not friendly toward females and ethnic minorities. So, when they're exposed to the same level of air pollution, they don't have the resources to buffer the negative influences.”
“女性和少数族裔群体面临着结构性性别歧视和种族歧视，” 艾玛表示。“有很多政策对女性和少数族裔并不友好。因此，当她们暴露在相同水平的空气污染中时，她们没有资源来缓冲负面影响。”

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