2021年10月新闻热词汇总

月球样品 lunar sample

月球上火山活动何时停止？曾经的岩浆活动如何维持？月球内部有多少水？10月19日，中国科学院发布了嫦娥五号月球科研样品最新研究成果，对上述问题进行了解答。

An analysis of moon rocks brought back to Earth by China's Chang'e 5 mission suggests the samples are a new type of lunar basalt, different from those collected during previous Apollo and Luna missions.
研究发现，嫦娥五号月球样品为一类新的月球玄武岩，不同于美国阿波罗和苏联月球系列采样任务返回的月球样品。

【知识点】

月球玄武岩（lunar basalt）是月幔部分熔融形成的岩浆经过火山喷发至月表冷却结晶形成的岩石。火山活动（volcanic activity）是月球具有内动力的表现，火山活动停止表明月球失去了内动力，也就意味着地质意义上的“死亡”。因此，研究火山岩可以揭示月球化学组成（chemical composition）和热演化历史（thermal evolution）。

 

月球直到20亿年前仍存在岩浆活动

Previous radioisotope dating of lunar samples brought back by the Apollo and Luna missions suggested that most lunar volcanic activities ceased by around 2.9 billion or 2.8 billion years ago. Those samples were collected within 30 degrees of the moon's equator and could not represent the large lunar surface.
以往对美国、苏联的月球样本的放射性同位素定年研究显示，月球的岩浆活动至少持续到大约28亿至29亿年前。这些样品都是在月球赤道附近30度的范围内采集的，不能代表整个月球表面的情况。

After studying the isotopes of the rocks brought back by Chang'e 5, scientists confirmed that the basalts came from the same eruption lava, which occurred around 2 billion years ago, delaying the end of the Moon's volcanic activity by 800 million to 900 million years.
研究人员对嫦娥五号带回的样品进行同位素研究后证实，这些玄武岩来自于约20亿年前的岩浆活动，比以往月球样品限定的岩浆活动停止时间晚了约8亿—9亿年。

月球冷却慢的两种解释都被排除

为什么月球冷却如此之慢，目前科学界存在两种可能的解释：岩浆源区中富含放射性元素以提供热源（a lunar mantle rich in radioactive elements to provide a heat source），或富含水以降低月幔熔点（a lunar mantle rich in water to lower the melting point）。

Scientists discovered previously that the volcanically active region on the moon was rich in some specific heat-producing elements－potassium, rare earths and phosphorus. The elements were believed to be associated with the near side's volcanism by providing a heat source.
研究人员此前发现，月球上的火山活跃区域富含钾、稀土元素、磷的生热元素。一般认为，这些元素能够产生热源，与月球正面的火山活动相关。

But researchers found that the high content of those elements in the samples collected by Chang'e 5 did not originate in the moon's mantle, where lava would ordinarily have been formed. The previous studies used remote sensing techniques without returned samples, meaning the deeper composition could not be detected.
但是研究人员发现，嫦娥五号月球样品富集的这些元素并不是月幔熔岩形成时产生的。之前的研究采用遥感技术勘测，没有返回样本，月幔深层次的成分无法勘测。

这一结果否定了初始岩浆熔融热源来自放射性生热元素的主流假说，揭示了月球晚期岩浆活动过程。

对于月球岩浆是否富含水，科研团队也进行了分析。

The recent analysis of the water composition shows that the deep lunar mantle of the sampling area was much drier 2 billion years ago than that of older regions with volcanism.
此次关于水含量的研究显示，采样区所在的20亿年前的月幔源区比更早时期的火山活动区域更干燥。

这一发现也排除了月幔富水（the rich content of water in the lunar mantle）而具有低熔点，导致该区域岩浆活动持续时间异常延长的猜想。

专家表示，新的研究成果为未来月球的探测和研究开辟了新的方向。

中科院院士、地质地球所研究员李献华表示：

The above results raise new questions on the study of the thermal evolution of the moon.
上述研究成果对月球热演化的研究提出了新问题。

It is still unclear why the moon cooled down so slowly, and it will require a new theoretical framework and evolutionary model to provide new directions for future lunar exploration and research.
月球冷却如此之慢的原因并不清楚，需要全新的理论框架和演化模型，对未来的月球探测和研究提出了新的方向。

 

青海湖水体面积 water area of the Qinghai Lake

卫星遥感监测数据显示，截至2021年9月底，青海湖水体面积为4625.6平方公里，比去年同期增加36.8平方公里。

Qinghai Lake has seen its largest water area since 2004 as a result of increased rainfall and improved ecological conservation.
因降雨增多以及生态保护工作加强，青海湖的水体面积达到2004年以来最大值。

【知识点】

按照湖泊水的物理性质划分，可以把湖泊分成咸水湖（saltwater lake）和淡水湖（freshwater lake）两类。

水中含盐度超过1克每升的湖泊称为咸水湖。咸水湖通常是湖水不排出或排出不畅，蒸发造成湖水盐分富集（high salinity）形成的，故多形成于蒸发量大的干燥地区（an arid area of high evaporation）。我国最大的内陆咸水湖（China's largest inland saltwater lake）是青海湖。

淡水湖是指以淡水形式积存在地表上的湖泊（bodies of still, unsalted water surrounded by land），水中含盐度一般小于1克每升。淡水湖一般是外流湖，因为注入湖泊的冰雪融水、河流以及降水等水流最终又流向它处，湖水的盐分很低。我国最大的淡水湖（China's largest freshwater lake）是鄱阳湖。

青海省气象科学研究所工作人员表示：

Increased rainfall was the main reason for the lake's water area expansion. Enhanced ecological conservation also played an important role.
降水增多是青海湖水体面积增大的主要原因，针对青海湖区域的生态保护工作也起到了积极作用。

青海湖区域的生态保护

The lake had been shrinking since the 1950s due to multiple reasons, such as human activities. The combined effects of conservation and changes to the regional climate turned things around.
由于人类活动等多种因素，自上世纪50年代起，青海湖的水体面积不断下降。生态保护工作以及该地区气候变化等共同作用使得这一情况得到改善。

In 2008, Qinghai launched a 10-year plan on the ecological environment protection and comprehensive management of the Qinghai Lake basin with a total investment of 1.567 billion yuan.
青海于2008年启动实施为期10年的《青海湖流域生态环境保护与综合治理规划》，项目总投资15.67亿元。

【词汇讲解】

在日常生活中，basin这个词多表示“盆”这种器皿，比如，water basin（水盆），a basin of water（一盆水）等；在地理概念中，basin则可以用来表示“盆地”或“流域”，比如：the Yellow River basin（黄河流域）， Tarim basin（塔里木盆地）等。

The improving ecosystem of the lake has benefited a variety of plant and animal species. For example, the number of bird species in the lake had increased from 164 in 1996 to 225 in 2020.
青海湖的生态环境改善也让多种动植物受益。该地区的鸟类种群数量从1996年的164种增加到了2020年225种。

 

房产税改革试点 pilot property tax reform

第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十一次会议决定：授权国务院在部分地区开展房地产税改革试点工作。

The move to pilot property tax reforms aims to advance the property tax legislation and reform in an active and prudent way, guide the rational housing consumption and the economical and intensive use of land resources, and facilitate the steady and sound development of the country's property market, according to the decision.
决定指出，开展房地产税改革试点工作是为了积极稳妥推进房地产税立法与改革，引导住房合理消费和土地资源节约集约利用，促进房地产市场平稳健康发展。

【知识点】

试点地区的房地产税征税对象为居住用和非居住用等各类房地产（all types of residential and non-residential property in pilot areas），不包括依法拥有的农村宅基地及其上住宅（lawfully-owned rural homesteads and houses built on them are excluded）。土地使用权人、房屋所有权人（the holders of land-use rights and house owners）为房地产税的纳税人。

The State Council will decide on the list of pilot areas after considering issues such as stepping up the pilot program, promoting unified legislation and advancing the steady and sound development of the property market. It will then submit the list to the NPC Standing Committee, for the record.
国务院统筹考虑深化试点与统一立法、促进房地产市场平稳健康发展等情况确定试点地区，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

The pilot program will last for five years.
本决定授权的试点期限为五年。

The Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration will draft the measures for piloting the property tax and make preparations for the work in accordance with the authorization of the NPC Standing Committee.
财政部、国家税务总局将依照全国人大常委会的授权，起草房地产税试点办法（草案），按程序做好试点各项准备工作。

 

北京冬奥会防疫手册 playbook for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics

10月25日，国际奥委会、国际残奥委会和北京冬奥组委三方共同发布第一版《北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会防疫手册》。

 

《防疫手册》(Playbooks)分两本，一本面向运动员和随队官员(athletes and team officials)，另一本面向所有其他利益相关方(all other stakeholders)，为其提供了全面的防疫指导，有助于涉奥人员为前往和抵达中国、参加冬奥会和冬残奥会以及离开北京做好准备(help participants prepare for traveling to and arriving in China, fulfilling their roles at the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, and their departure from Beijing)。

 

《防疫手册》的关键原则包括：

闭环管理(Closed-loop management)：这是一种特殊的管理方法，通过减少不必要的接触，在保证涉奥人员和中国公众安全(keep Games participants and people in China safe by reducing unnecessary interactions)的同时，又能确保其完成必要的日常工作(allow everyone to perform their day-to-day activities that are essential to their roles during the Games)。如已按照《防疫手册》完成疫苗全程接种，入境中国后，不需要进行21天的集中隔离，可直接进入闭环系统(allows Games participants to enter China without undergoing a compulsory 21-day quarantine, provided they are fully vaccinated)。

 

疫苗接种(Vaccination)：实践证明，疫苗可以降低新冠肺炎感染和传播的风险，是安全开展活动的关键手段。所有人员来华至少14日前需完成新冠疫苗全程接种，才可免除集中隔离，进入闭环管理(it will be mandatory to be fully vaccinated at least 14 days prior to departure for China, in order to be allowed in the closed-loop system without quarantine)。所有根据《防疫手册》未完成全程接种的人员需在抵达北京后接受21天的集中隔离(anyone not fully vaccinated will need to quarantine for 21 days upon arrival in Beijing)。运动员和随队官员因医学原因申请豁免疫苗接种，须个案研究后确定。

 

检测、追踪与隔离(Test, trace and isolate)：将采取严格的防疫措施，通过检测尽早查出感染者，通过排查密切接触者确定可能的感染人员，通过采取隔离措施阻止疫情传播。

Strict protocols will be in place to identify who has the COVID-19 virus as early as possible through testing; to understand to whom the virus might have been passed through contact tracing; and to use isolation and quarantine to stop the virus from spreading further.

 

减少接触(Minimize physical interaction)：新冠病毒在咳嗽、打喷嚏、交谈、呼喊或唱歌过程中，主要通过飞沫传播。因此，我们应接种疫苗、最大限度减少接触、佩戴口罩，并避免密闭空间、人群聚集和密切接触等情况。

COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through small liquid particles in our breath exhaled by coughing, sneezing, talking, shouting or singing. That's why it's important to be vaccinated, minimize physical interaction, wear a mask, and avoid spaces that are enclosed, crowded or involve close contact.

 

卫生意识(Hygiene)：保持良好卫生意识对每个人都至关重要——勤洗手、定期消毒、避免触摸面部、全程佩戴口罩。

The basics of good hygiene are important to keep everyone safe – regularly and thoroughly cleaning our hands, disinfecting surfaces, avoiding touching our face, and wearing a face mask at all times.

 

新冠疫情防控联络官(COVID-19 liaison officers)：所有参加北京冬奥会和冬残奥会的组织将很快应要求指定新冠疫情防控联络官。新冠疫情防控联络官的职责是为涉奥人员提供帮助，确保他们了解《防疫手册》内容，并理解遵守规定的重要性。

Every organization taking part in the Games will soon be asked to nominate COVID-19 liaison officer(s). The CLO will support Games participants in making sure that they understand the contents of the Playbooks and the importance of complying with them.

 

第二版《防疫手册》(the second editions of the Playbooks)计划于今年年底发布。北京冬奥会将于2022年2月4日至20日举行，北京冬残奥会将于2022年3月4日至13日举行。

 

北京2022年冬奥会奖牌 Winter Olympic medals

10月26日，在北京冬奥会开幕倒计时100天之际，北京2022年冬奥会、冬残奥会奖牌“同心”揭晓。

 

Inspired by the exquisite "yubi", an ancient Chinese jade artifact dating back some 5,000 years, each medal features carvings of the Olympic rings at its heart on the front with the words "XXIV Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022" etched around them. Engravings of cloud patterns, an element used on the torch of the 2008 Summer Games, snowflakes and ice scratches fill the outer rings.
奖牌的灵感来源于精美的“玉璧”，距今约5000年的中国古代玉器。奖牌正面中心刻有奥林匹克五环，周围刻着“第二十四届北京2022年冬奥会”的英文全称。奖牌上镌刻祥云纹，外环刻有冰雪纹。2008年夏季奥运会火炬也使用了祥云纹元素。

 

The concentric rings around the center represent the pursuit of unity and harmony common in Chinese culture, while echoing the Olympic values of promoting solidarity, inclusiveness and peace among mankind.
围绕中心的同心环代表了中国文化中对团结和谐的普遍追求，同时呼应了促进人类团结、包容与和平的奥林匹克价值观。

The reverse side bears the Beijing 2022 emblem at the center, with the outer rings dotted with 24 stars strung together by circles, representing the 24th edition of the Winter Olympics and featuring the name of the medal event.
背面中心刻有北京2022年奥运会会徽，外层点缀着24颗星星，用圆圈串在一起，代表第24届冬奥会，奖牌上还刻有获奖运动项目的名称。

Sharing the same design with slight changes, the 2022 Paralympic Winter Games medals were also unveiled on Tuesday, with the International Paralympic Committee's logo carved on the obverse side and the Beijing 2022 Paralympic emblem on the reverse.
在同天揭幕的北京2022年冬残奥会奖牌采取相同的设计，只是略有改动。奖牌的正面刻着国际残奥委员会的标志，背面刻着北京2022年残奥会会徽。

 

 

 

 

中欧班列 the China-Europe freight trains

10月26日，首列“上海号”中欧班列(the first "Shanghai Express")抵达德国北部城市汉堡。在目前全球物流链遭遇困难(global logistics disruption)的背景下，“上海号”的开行在欧洲和亚洲之间建立了新的铁路货运线路。

当日，德国汉堡举行仪式(welcome ceremony)，欢迎首列“上海号”中欧班列顺利抵达。中国驻汉堡总领馆副总领事王玮、汉堡市经济部长米夏埃尔·韦斯特哈格曼等到场迎接。

 

王玮表示，

This year marks the 35th anniversary of the signing of a partner city agreement between Hamburg and Shanghai, the launch of the "Shanghai Express" has raised the two cities' cooperation to a new level. Hamburg's role as an important node in the "Belt and Road" network has been further strengthened.
今年是上海和汉堡建立友城关系35周年，“上海号”中欧班列的开通给双方合作增加了新平台，汉堡作为“一带一路”重要节点的作用得到进一步加强。

 

韦斯特哈格曼表示，目前物流供应链(the logistics chain)正遭遇海运无法如期交付等困难。在此背景下，汉堡和上海之间直达货运班列“上海号”的开通显得尤为重要，是双方合作一个新的里程碑("Shanghai Express" represents a new milestone in the cooperation between Hamburg and Shanghai)。

 

9月28日，首发“上海号”列车装着50个满载服装鞋帽、汽车配件、太阳能面板等货物的集装箱(carry 50 containers loaded with apparel, auto parts and solar panels)，从上海一路向西，经新疆阿拉山口口岸出境，开往汉堡。该班列目前每周开行一次，之后将逐步增加开行频次并开拓新线路。

 

自2011年开行以来，中欧班列已铺画73条运行线路，通达欧洲23个国家的170多个城市(the China-Europe freight trains traveling along 73 routes have reached more than 170 cities in 23 European countries, since it was launched in 2011)。

 

超高层建筑 skyscrapers/high-rises

住房和城乡建设部、应急管理部近日发布通知，要求各地严格控制新建超高层建筑(skyscrapers/high-rises)。实行超高层建筑决策责任终身制。

The country prohibits the approval of buildings taller than 250 meters, and strictly restricts those taller than 150 meters in any city whose urban population is below 3 million, according to the circular.

通知要求，城区常住人口300万人口以下城市严格限制新建150米以上超高层建筑，不得新建250米以上超高层建筑。

 

In cities with an urban population of above 3 million, the construction of buildings above 500 meters is banned, and buildings taller than 250 meters can only be built under strict restrictions.

城区常住人口300万以上城市严格限制新建250米以上超高层建筑，不得新建500米以上超高层建筑。

 

Any residential building taller than 80 meters or public building taller than 100 meters must meet local firefighting standards, so as to be approved for construction, the circular said.

各地相关部门审批80米以上住宅建筑、100米以上公共建筑建设项目时，应征求同级消防救援机构意见，以确保与当地消防救援能力相匹配。

 

通知强调，要严格控制生态敏感、自然景观等重点地段的高层建筑建设，不在对历史文化街区(historic neighborhoods)、历史地段、世界文化遗产及重要文物保护单位有影响的地方新建高层建筑，不在山边水边以及老城旧城开发强度较高、人口密集、交通拥堵地段(areas with heavy traffic)新建超高层建筑，不在城市通风廊道(ventilation corridors)上新建超高层建筑群。

 

中国加入世贸组织20周年 the 20th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO

今年是中国加入世贸组织20周年(the 20th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO)。10月28日，商务部有关负责人就中国“入世”相关热点问题进行了回应。

商务部副部长兼国际贸易谈判副代表王受文表示:

China has fully and effectively fulfilled its World Trade Organization commitments and earned wide recognition from the director-general of the WTO and the vast majority of WTO members.

中国已完全履行加入WTO时作出的承诺，WTO几任总干事及大部分WTO成员都对此给予充分肯定和普遍认可。

 

在积极对接WTO规则(align itself with the WTO rules)方面，王受文举例说，中国加入WTO后，需要修改相关法律、法规和政策(revise relevant laws, regulations and policies)使之符合WTO规则。为此，中央政府清理的法规和部门规章有2000多件，地方政府清理的地方性政策法规有19万多件。

 

在开放市场(open its market)方面，王受文介绍，中国“入世”时(at the time of China's entry into the WTO)货物进口关税为15.3%，承诺“入世”后降到9.8%，而目前中国进口关税总水平（overall tariff level）只有7.4%，“低于所有发展中成员，接近发达成员水平（lower than that of all developing members and close to that of developed members of the organization）”。在服务领域（the service sector），中国承诺在2007年开放9大类100个分部门，但实际开放接近120个分部门，“超过所作承诺”。

 

此外，在遵守规则(abide by the rules)方面，为加大对知识产权保护力度(strengthen protection of intellectual property rights)，中国在很多地方设立知识产权法院或法庭(intellectual property courts)。中国还及时向世贸组织通报国内法规调整和实施情况等。

（中国日报网英语点津）