新中国人权事业发展70年白皮书（双语全文）

三、持续提升人民生活水平
III. Continuing to Improve People’s Living Standards

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。如何解决好温饱问题，并在解决温饱的基础上实现更好的发展，使人民生活得更加幸福，始终是中国共产党最根本的执政任务。中国坚持把生存权、发展权作为首要的基本人权，努力通过发展增进人民福祉，实现更加充分的人权保障。
China is the world’s largest developing country. It has always been the CPC’s most fundamental mission in governance to ensure adequate food and clothing for the people, achieve better development, and give the people a better life. Upholding the rights to subsistence and development as the primary human rights, China strives to enhance people’s wellbeing through development in order to better protect their human rights.

粮食权得到有效保障。新中国成立之初，面临着农业生产基础单薄、“靠天吃饭”、粮食产量较低的现实困难，很多人处于食物匮乏和营养不良的困境。多年来，中国政府通过改革农村土地制度，稳定和完善农村土地承包关系，大力推进农田水利设施建设，使农业综合生产能力不断提升，主要农产品产量稳定增长。中国的粮食总产量由1949年的11318万吨提高到2018年的65789万吨，耕地灌溉面积由1949年的1594万公顷扩大到2018年的6810万公顷，谷物、肉类、花生、茶叶、水果等产量连续多年位居世界第一。中国以占全球6.6%的淡水资源和9%的耕地，养活了世界近20%的人口，从根本上消除了饥饿，持续改善了人民的营养水平。
The right to food is effectively guaranteed. In the early days of the PRC, the country faced many difficulties, such as a weak agricultural base dependent on the weather, and low grain yield. As a result many Chinese did not have enough to eat and suffered from malnutrition. Over the years the Chinese government has carried out rural land reforms to stabilize and improve land contracting system in rural areas. With improved irrigation infrastructure, China’s agriculture has seen a continuing rise in productivity and steady increase in the output of main agricultural products. Total grain output soared from 113.18 million tons in 1949 to 657.89 million tons in 2018, and the area of irrigated farmland from 15.94 million ha in 1949 to 68.1 million ha in 2018. China’s output of grain, meat, peanut, tea, and fruit has topped the world for many years. China feeds approximately 20 percent of the world’s population using 6.6 percent of the fresh water resources and 9 percent of the arable land of the world; it has succeeded in improving nutrition and eradicating hunger.

绝对贫困基本消除。贫穷是中国人民实现人权的最大障碍。国家积贫积弱、人民贫困如洗，是旧中国留给世人的深刻印象。新中国成立以来，中国共产党和中国政府带领人民为消除贫困作出了巨大努力。改革开放以来，中国持续开展以农村扶贫开发为中心的减贫行动。中共十八大以来，中共中央把贫困人口脱贫作为全面建成小康社会的底线任务和基本标志，作出打赢脱贫攻坚战的决策部署，明确到2020年现行标准下农村贫困人口实现脱贫、贫困县全部摘帽，解决区域性整体贫困。中共十九大把精准脱贫作为决胜全面建成小康社会必须打好的三大攻坚战之一，作出新的部署。中国农村贫困人口（按照2010年贫困标准）由1978年的7.7亿人减少至2018年的1660万人，农村贫困发生率由1978年的97.5%下降至2018年的1.7%。2012年至2018年，中国每年有1000多万人稳定脱贫。中国成为世界上减贫人口最多的国家，是第一个完成联合国千年发展目标减贫目标的发展中国家，对全球减贫贡献率超过70%。
Absolute poverty eliminated. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to fulfilling the human rights of the Chinese people. In the past, the world knew an old, weak China mired in poverty, its people living in dire misery. Since the founding of the PRC, the CPC and the Chinese government have led the people in a great fight to eliminate poverty, highlighted by a campaign which since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, has focused on development-oriented poverty alleviation in rural areas. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has taken poverty elimination as the primary task, made it a defining indicator in completing a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and laid out plans to win the final battle against poverty. It has been made clear that by 2020 there must be no more rural people living below the current poverty line and no more impoverished counties, and regional poverty must be eradicated. The 19th CPC National Congress has made new plans for targeted poverty eradication, one of the three final tasks that must be accomplished to achieve all-round moderate prosperity.
Between 1978 and 2018 the number of rural poor fell from 770 million to 16.6 million calculated againstChina’s poverty line set in 2010, and the incidence of poverty in rural areas dropped from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent. More than 10 million people rose and remained above the poverty line every year from 2012 to 2018. With the highest number of people moving out of poverty, China was the first developing country to realize one of the UN Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction. This achievement represented 70 percent of the global poverty reduction effort.

人民生活水平大幅提升。1952年，中国国内生产总值仅为679亿元，人均国内生产总值仅为119元。2018年，中国国内生产总值达到900309亿元，按不变价计算，比1952年增长174倍；人均国内生产总值达到64644元；人均国民总收入达到9732美元，高于中等收入国家平均水平。1956年，全国居民人均可支配收入仅为98元，人均消费支出仅为88元。2018年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到28228元，比1956年实际增长36.8倍；人均消费支出为19853元，比1956年实际增长28.5倍；全国居民恩格尔系数为28.4%，比1978年降低35.5个百分点。2018年，城镇居民家庭平均每百户家用汽车拥有量达41辆，农村居民家庭平均每百户家用汽车拥有量达22.3辆；全国居民每百户移动电话拥有量为249.1部。中共十八大以来，农村居民可支配收入实际增速连续多年快于城镇居民，城乡居民收入差距不断缩小，城乡居民人均可支配收入之比2018年已下降至2.69。
Living standards improved markedly. In 1952, China’s GDP was RMB67.9 billion, with a per capita GDP of RMB119. In 2018, China’s GDP reached RMB90 trillion, 175 times that of the 1952 figure in real terms. The per capita GDP was RMB64,644, and the per capita gross national income was US$9,732 – above the average level of middle-income countries. The per capita disposable income of Chinese citizens in 1956 was RMB98, and the per capita consumer spending was RMB88. In 2018, the per capita disposable income reached RMB28,228, a 36.8-fold increase in real terms over that of 1956; the per capita consumer spending was RMB19,853, a 28.5-fold increase over 1956 in real terms; the Engel coefficient was 28.4 percent, 35.5 percentage points lower than that of 1978. In 2018, every 100 urban households had 41 family cars, and every 100 rural households had 22.3 family cars; every 100 households had 249.1 mobile phones. Following the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the real growth in disposable rural income has outpaced urban income. The gap between urban and rural incomes has narrowed, with the ratio falling to 2.69 in 2018.

饮水安全获得切实保障。实施农村饮水安全工程建设，2005年至2018年，全国累计解决5.2亿农村居民和4700多万农村学校师生的饮水安全问题，巩固提升了1.73亿农村人口供水保障水平，农村集中供水率和农村自来水普及率分别达到86%和81%。中国于2009年提前6年完成联合国千年发展目标提出的“饮水不安全人口减少一半”的目标。截至2018年，全国农村供水工程1100多万处，建立了比较完整的农村供水工程体系，农村供水服务总人口达到9.4亿人。开展全国重要饮用水水源地安全保障达标建设和检查评估，将618个供水人口20万以上地表水饮用水水源地及年供水量2000万立方米以上地下水饮用水水源地纳入《全国重要饮用水水源地名录（2016）》管理。按照水源地数量统计，2018年全国地级及以上城市871个在用集中式生活饮用水水源地中，达标水源地比例为90.9%。2018年全国居民有管道供水入户的户比重为90.0%，有安全饮用水的户比重为95.2%，获取饮用水无困难的户比重为96.3%。
Safe drinking water. A program was launched in 2005 to guarantee safe drinking water in rural areas. By the end of 2018, a total of 520 million rural residents and 47 million teachers and students in rural areas had gained access to safe drinking water, 173 million rural residents had a better and more steady supply of drinking water, and the percentages of centralized water supply and running water supply reached 86 percent and 81 percent in rural areas. In 2009 China attained one of the UN Millennium Development Goals – halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water – six years ahead of schedule. As of 2018, there were more than 11 million water supply facilities in rural areas, and a complete rural water supply system had been formed to serve 940 million people. The government has conducted examination and assessment of key drinking water sources nationwide, to ensure they meet safety standards. In 2016, 618 surface water sources, each supplying drinking water for 200,000 people or more, and all ground water sources, each supplying 20 million or more cu m of drinking water annually, were incorporated into the Catalogue of China’s Major Drinking Water Sources. In 2018, 90.9 percent of the 871 drinking water sources serving cities at the prefecture level and above reached the required standard. In 2018, 90 percent of all households had piped water supply, 95.2 percent had access to safe drinking water, and 96.3 percent had convenient access to drinking water.

人民基本居住条件显著改善。改革开放前，在十分困难的条件下，城镇以单位为主体、农村以农户为主体，努力解决住房问题。改革开放后，开展城镇住房制度改革，稳步推进住房商品化、社会化，住房保障体系不断完善，住房保障能力持续提升，城乡居民住房条件大幅改善。2018年，城镇居民人均住房建筑面积达到39.0平方米，比1956年增加33.3平方米，增长5.8倍；农村居民人均住房建筑面积达到47.3平方米，比1978年增加39.2平方米，增长4.8倍。自2008年以来，大规模实施城镇保障性安居工程，开展农村危房改造工作。截至2018年，全国城镇保障性安居工程累计开工建设约7000万套，累计约2200万困难群众领取了公租房租赁补贴，合计帮助约2亿困难群众改善了住房条件；帮助数千万贫困农民告别原来的破旧泥草房、土坯房、树皮房等危房，住上基本安全房，农房抗震防灾能力和居住舒适度得到显著提升。改善城市和农村人居环境，开展生态修复、城市修补，推进建筑节能、绿色建筑及既有建筑节能改造，推进农村生活污水治理和农村生活垃圾收运处置体系建设。截至2018年，全国已有84%的行政村实现生活垃圾收运处置体系基本覆盖。
Improved housing conditions. Before the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, despite great difficulties, the government endeavored to address housing problems. At that time, housing was mainly provided by employers for workers in urban areas, while rural residents built their own houses. After 1978, urban housing reform was introduced to commercialize the sector, while the housing supply system was gradually improved. The housing conditions of urban and rural residents have improved markedly. In 2018, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.0 sq m, up by a factor of 5.8 from 1956, and that of rural residents was 47.3 sq m, up by a factor of 4.8 from 1978.
Since 2008, the government has introduced major construction projects to provide affordable housing to urban residents, and renovated dilapidated rural housing. By 2018, government subsidies had been used to build 70 million housing units in urban areas, 22 million poor people had received public rental subsidies, and 200 million poor people had received help for improving their housing conditions. The state has helped tens of millions of rural households move into proper accommodation, leaving their dilapidated houses built of such materials as beaten earth mixed with straw, adobe, timber and bark. There has been significant improvement in the capacity of rural housing to resist earthquakes and other natural disasters, and in the comfort level.
Efforts have been made in several areas:
• improving the living environment in cities and the countryside;
• carrying out environmental remediation and urban repair;
• promoting energy-saving architecture and green architecture;
• renovating existing buildings with energy-saving facilities;
• furthering domestic sewage treatment and building a system of collecting, transporting and disposing of household garbage in rural areas.
By 2018, 84 percent of all administrative villages were provided with garbage treatment.

人民出行更加便利快捷。新中国成立初期，国家迅速修复了被破坏的运输路线，恢复了水陆空交通。1953年至1977年，交通运输业全民所有制单位基本建设投资累计完成840亿元，先后建设了青藏公路、武汉长江大桥、首都国际机场、京沪铁路等重大项目，改变了落后闭塞的交通面貌。20世纪90年代后，国家将加快交通运输发展作为重要战略目标，持续加大投资力度，大力推进综合运输体系建设，交通网络日益完善，运输能力和运输效率明显提升，不断满足人民出行需求。截至2018年，全国铁路营业里程达13.1万公里，比1949年增长5倍，其中高速铁路达2.9万公里，占世界高铁总量60%以上，2018年铁路客运发送量达33.75亿人次，其中动车组列车发送旅客20.05亿人次；全国公路实现跨越式发展，总里程达485万公里，其中高速公路通车里程达14.3万公里，2018年全国道路营运客运量达136.7亿人次，97.1%的建制村通了客车；农村地区有99.9%的户所在自然村通公路，实现“县县通公路”；内河航道里程达12.7万公里；定期航班航线里程达838万公里，比1950年增长736倍。
More convenient public transport. After 1949, the newly founded PRC took quick action to repair the transport routes damaged in war, and restored transport by water, land and air. From 1953 to 1977, a total investment of RMB84 billion was made in the construction of transport businesses owned by the people. Key projects such as the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Capital International Airport, and Beijing-Shanghai Railway were completed, significantly improving the country’s transport links. Since the 1990s China has accelerated construction of transport infrastructure and made it a key strategic goal, and continued to increase investment to build a comprehensive transport system. With an improved transport network, the country’s transport capacity and efficiency have seen marked growth, enabling better services to travellers.
By the end of 2018, China’s rail network had grown to 131,000 km, up by 500 percent from 1949, and the high-speed rail network had reached 29,000 km, accounting for more than 60 percent of the world’s total. In 2018, the number of passengers travelling by rail reached 3.38 billion, 2.01 billion of whom travelled by CRH (China Railways High-speed) trains. China has achieved leapfrog development in its road network, which, by 2018, had reached 4.85 million km in length, including 143,000 km of expressways. In 2018 13.67 billion individual trips were made by road in China, and 97.1 percent of administrative villages had bus services. Every county in China now has road access, and 99.9 percent of villages are connected to the road network. Total inland waterway mileage had reached 127,000 km. The mileage of regular flights had reached 8.38 million km, a 736-fold increase over 1950.

国民健康水平持续提高。新中国成立前，中国医疗卫生水平很低，广大农村和边远地区缺医少药。70年来，中国政府建立健全医疗卫生体系，不断加大公共卫生领域投入，提高医疗科技水平，推进健康中国建设，努力为人民群众提供全生命周期的卫生与健康服务。中国人均预期寿命从新中国成立之初的35岁提高到2018年的77岁，提前完成联合国千年发展目标确定的指标，居民健康水平总体上优于高收入国家平均水平。2018年，全国共有卫生机构99.7万个，比1949年增长271.78倍；共有卫生人员1230万人，比1949年增长22.73倍。2018年与1949年相比，每千人口卫生人员数由1.00人增长到8.81人，每千人口医疗机构床位数由0.16张增长到6.03张，覆盖城乡的基层医疗卫生服务体系基本建成。国家基本公共卫生服务项目持续推进，2014年5岁以下儿童乙肝病毒感染率降至0.32%以下，2015年适龄儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种率达90%以上。重点传染病和地方病防治工作取得历史性成就，2000年实现了无脊髓灰质炎目标、基本消除碘缺乏病目标，2007年实现了消除丝虫病目标，2012年消除了新生儿破伤风。加强癌症防治工作，近10年间全国总体癌症的5年生存率由30.9%提高至40.5%。全民健身运动蓬勃发展，截至2018年，全国体育场地总数超过315.8万个，人均体育场地面积超过1.84平方米，超过4亿人经常参加体育锻炼。
Better health for the people. Before 1949 China suffered from a very low level of medical and health services, and doctors and medicine were rare resources in the countryside and remote areas. Over the past 70 years, the Chinese government has established a sound medical and health care system, continued to increase financial input for advancing public health and medical technology, and launched the Health China initiative, increasing public access to health services throughout the life cycle. Life expectancy in China rose from 35 in the early 1950s to 77 in 2018, meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule, and the people generally enjoy better health than people in high-income countries.
In 2018, the number of health service institutions increased to 997,000, a 271.78-fold increase from 1949, with health professionals growing 22.73-fold to 12.3 million. From 1949 to 2018, the number of health professionals per 1,000 people increased from 1 to 8.81, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people grew from 0.16 to 6.03. A community-level health service system covering urban and rural areas is in place.
Basic public health services have improved, with the HBV infection rate among children under five dropping below 0.32 percent in 2014, and the national vaccination coverage among children topping 90 percent in 2015. Historic progress has been made in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases and endemic diseases, eliminating polio and basically eliminating iodine deficiency in 2000, filariasis in 2007, and neonatal tetanus in 2012. The prevention and treatment of cancer has been strengthened. The five-year cancer survival rate in the past decade grew from 30.9 percent to 40.5 percent.
The national fitness program has thrived. As of 2018, China had more than 3.2 million sports venues (a floor space of 1.84 sq m per capita) across the country, and more than 400 million people took part in regular exercises.

社会救助制度不断完善。新中国成立之初，各地经济停滞、民生凋敝，灾民、贫民、无依无靠的孤老残幼等城乡贫困人口众多。中国共产党和中国政府及时开展临时性、应急性救助，为贫困人口发放款物，妥善解决了历史遗留问题。此后，城市的就业单位和农村生产大队承担了主要的社会保障功能，国家和集体对五保户、孤残人员等特殊困难群体进行救济。改革开放后，中国进一步建立完善城乡救济制度，对特殊困难群体给予救济。经过多年发展，中国的社会救助形成了以最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、受灾人员救助、医疗救助、教育救助、住房救助、就业救助以及临时救助为主体，以社会力量参与为补充的制度体系。截至2019年3月，城市低保平均标准为每人每月590.6元，农村低保平均标准为每人每年4953.1元，所有涉农县市农村低保标准全部达到或超过国家扶贫标准；农村特困人员基本生活平均标准为每人每年6693元，城市特困人员基本生活平均标准为每人每年9096元。中共十八大以来，截至2019年8月15日，针对各种重特大自然灾害共启动国家救灾应急响应157次，累计下拨中央财政自然灾害生活补助资金602.65亿元。2013年至2018年，年均紧急转移安置900余万人次，救助受灾群众7000多万人次，恢复重建因灾倒损民房50余万间。2018年，共资助7673.9万困难群众参加基本医疗保险，实施住院和门诊救助5361万人次，救助生活无着的流浪乞讨人员155万人次。
Improved social assistance. In the early 1950s, China was in a state of economic stagnation. The people were poor. There was a large number of victims of natural disasters or disability; many were old people or orphans who had no family to turn to. The CPC and the Chinese government carried out emergency assistance, giving money and supplies to the poor and cleaning the mess left by old China. Later, social security was mainly provided by employers in urban areas and production brigades in rural areas, and the state and collectives offered assistance to special groups including orphans, people with disabilities, and rural people eligible for the “Five Guarantees” (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses). Since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, China has further improved its assistance system in both urban and rural areas, and provided relief to groups with special difficulties. Through years of effort, China has formed a social assistance system supplemented by public participation, with subsistence allowances, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, temporary assistance, and assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty.
As of March 2019, the average subsistence allowance for urban residents was RMB591 per month, and that for rural residents was RMB4,953 per annum. All rural subsistence allowance standards at county (city) level reached or exceeded the national poverty line. People living in extreme difficulty received RMB6,693 per person per annum in rural areas, and RMB9,096 per person per annum in urban areas. From the 18th CPC National Congress to August 15, 2019 China launched 157 national emergency responses in the wake of major natural disasters, issuing a total of RMB60.27 billion as living subsidies for disaster relief from central funds. Between 2013 and 2018, on a yearly basis the government temporarily relocated more than 9 million people affected by disasters, provided relief to more than 70 million people, and restored and rebuilt more than 500,000 damaged houses. In 2018, the government offered subsidies for 76.74 million poor people on subscribing to the basic medical insurance system, medical assistance to 53.61 million inpatients and outpatients, and assistance to 1.55 million homeless persons and beggars.

邮电通信水平全面提升。新中国成立之初，邮路总长度仅为70.6万公里，长途明线仅为14.6万对公里。70年来，邮电通信业规模不断扩大，电信基础设施建设加快推进，信息化网络化高速发展，人民通信权利得到切实保障。截至2018年，全国邮政和快递营业网点达27.5万处，比1949年增长9.6倍；邮路和快递服务网路总长度达3945万公里，比1949年增长近55倍；全国互联网上网人数达8.29亿，互联网普及率达59.6%，网民通过手机接入互联网的比例高达98.6%。截至2019年6月，光缆线路总长度达4545万公里，光纤用户占比超90%，4G基站数达444.8万个，全球最大规模的固定宽带网络和4G网络基本建成；全国移动电话用户达15.86亿户，其中移动宽带用户（即3G和4G用户）总数达13.55亿户，4G用户规模为12.3亿户；固定宽带家庭普及率达91.8%，移动宽带用户普及率达97.1%；行政村通光纤比例、通4G比例均超过98%，位居全球先进行列。2019年6月6日，工业和信息化部发放了5G商用牌照，正式开启5G商用。
Improved postal and telecommunications services. At the beginning of the PRC, China had only 706,000 km of postal routes, with 146,000 km of parallel, long-distance open-wire lines. Over the past 70 years, postal and telecommunications services have kept expanding, with quick progress in telecommunications infrastructure. IT applications and the internet have been developing rapidly, and people’s right to communication has been fully guaranteed.
As of 2018, China had 275,000 postal and courier outlets, a 9.6-fold increase over 1949. The total length of postal routes ahd courier service networks reached 39.45 million km, about a 55-fold increase over 1949. Some 829 million people accessed the internet, 59.6 percent of citizens used the internet, and 98.6 percent went online via mobile phone. As of June 2019, the total length of fiber optic cable lines reached 45.45 million km, and 90 percent of internet users were fiber broadband subscribers. With 4.45 million 4G base stations, China has established the world’s largest fixed broadband network and 4G network. Of the 1,586 million mobile phone users (3G and 4G users), 1,230 million were 4G users. Fixed broadband networks connected 91.8 percent of all households, and 97.1 percent of the population was using mobile broadband services. More than 98 percent of administrative villages had access to fiber optic cables and 4G services, taking the lead in the world in this regard. On June 6, 2019, with the issuing of the 5G commercial license by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 5G services entered the market.

四、切实保障人民各项权利
IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

新中国成立70年来，人民的经济、政治、社会、文化、环境权利保障水平不断提升，各项人权实现全面发展。
Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has continued to improve its protection of the people’s economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental rights, and ensured the development of human rights in all respects.

尊重和保障人身权利和人格尊严。人身权利和人格尊严是人权保障的基本内容。70年来，中国始终注重人身权利和人格权利的保障。宪法确认了公民人格权。中共十九大再次强调保护人民人身权、财产权、人格权，彰显了保护人格尊严、促进人的全面发展的人文关怀。民法对人格权作了专门规定。大力推进户籍制度改革，放宽户口迁徙政策限制，促进有能力在城镇稳定就业的常住人口有序实现市民化。严格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。
Personal rights and dignity are well respected and protected. Personal rights and dignity are the basic components of human rights, so China has consistently attached great importance to protecting such rights over the past 70 years. The Constitution of the PRC states that the personal dignity of citizens of the PRC is inviolable. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting people’s personal dignity and promoting the well-rounded development of the individual person. The Civil Law in particular elaborates the right to dignity. China is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. It has relaxed restrictions on the change of domicile, enabling eligible permanent residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and security of information are fully protected by law.

充分保障劳动者各项权利。新中国成立前，城镇劳动力多数处于失业状态。1949年末，全国城乡就业人员18082万人，其中城镇就业人员仅有1533万人，城镇失业率高达23.6%。70年来，就业状况不断改善。1978年末，就业人员达到40152万人。改革开放以来，随着经济发展和就业优先政策的实施，就业总量大幅增加。特别是中共十八大以来，连续6年实现城镇新增就业1300万人以上。2018年，全国就业人数增加到77586万人。城镇登记失业率长期处于4.1%以内的较低水平。劳动者工资支付保障、同工同酬、休息休假、职业安全卫生、女性劳动者特别保护、依法参加和组织工会、参与企事业单位民主管理等各项权利得到依法保障。各地普遍建立最低工资标准调整机制和评估机制，保障了劳动者及其赡养人口的基本生活。目前，劳动者每年共享有115日的休息日和节假日，以及5日至15日的带薪年休假，还按规定享受产假、婚丧假、探亲假等假期。全国已建立基层工会组织数由1952年的20.7万个增加到2018年的273.1万个，工会会员由1952年的1002.3万人增加到2018年的2.95亿人。
China fully safeguards workers’ rights. Before the founding of the PRC, a large part of the urban workforce was unemployed. At the end of 1949 there were 180.82 million people across the country in employment, of whom only 15.33 million worked in urban areas. The urban unemployment rate was 23.6 percent. The employment situation has steadily improved over the past 70 years. By the end of 1978, the year when the policy of reform and opening up was adopted, the employed population had reached 401.52 million. After that, thanks to rapid economic growth and a policy that prioritizes employment, China’s employed population expanded rapidly. During the six years from the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 to 2018, over 13 million new jobs were created each year, and the total employed population in 2018 reached 775.86 million. The registered unemployment rate remained at a low level below 4.1 percent for a long period of time.
The guarantee for remuneration for labor, right to equal pay for equal work, right to rest and leisure, right to occupational safety and health, right to join in and organize a labor union, and right to participate in the democratic management of businesses and public institutions are protected by law, as is women workers’ right to special protection. Universal mechanisms to adjust and assess the minimum wage have been established across the country, so as to ensure the basic living conditions of workers and their dependents. At present, each worker is entitled to 115 rest days and public holidays, and 5 to 15 days of paid holidays each year, as well as maternity leave, wedding leave, funeral leave and family reunion leave in line with the regulations. The number of primary-level labor unions rose from 207,000 in 1952 to 2.73 million in 2018 and their members grew from 10 million to 295 million during the same period.

建立起世界上覆盖人口最多的社会保障制度。新中国成立之初，社会保障尚属空白。20世纪50年代至70年代，开始由国家和单位对城镇职工提供劳保等福利，并由集体对农民实行一定保障。改革开放以来，逐步建立了覆盖城乡的社会保障体系，形成了世界上规模最大的社会保障安全网，社会保障水平不断提高。截至2019年3月，全国参加基本养老保险人数达94118万人，参加工伤保险人数达23894万人，参加失业保险人数达19697万人，参加生育保险人数超过2亿人，包括职工基本医疗保险、城乡居民基本医疗保险在内的基本医疗保险覆盖超过13亿人，基本实现全民医保。自2005年起，连续15年大幅提高企业退休人员基本养老金水平。城乡居民基本医保人均财政补助标准由2012年的240元提高到2019年的520元。自2016年起，探索建立长期护理保险制度。社会保障领域公共服务能力不断提高，2016年启动跨省异地就医直接结算，越来越多群众享受到直接结算便利。截至2019年3月，社会保障卡持卡人数约12.5亿人，覆盖全国89.6%人口。
China has established a social security system that covers the largest population in the world. There was no social security system in China when the PRC was founded. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, the state and employers began providing labor protection and other forms of welfare, and rural collectives provided peasants with a certain level of social security. After launching reform and opening up China gradually set up the world’s largest social security system covering people of both rural and urban areas. It has continued to make improvements. By March 2019 basic endowment insurance covered 941 million people, work-related injury insurance 239 million, unemployment insurance 197 million, and birth insurance more than 200 million. The basic medical insurance system, including basic medical insurance for workers and for rural and non-working urban residents, now covers more than 1.3 billion people – almost China’s entire population. China has substantially raised the amount of the basic pension of enterprise retirees every year since 2005. Per capita government subsidies for basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents rose from RMB240 in 2012 to RMB520 in 2019. China pioneered a long-term nursing insurance system in 2016. China is improving its capacity to offer social security services. In 2016, it launched a real-time settlement of medical expenses for medical treatment incurred outside the provincial-level administrative area where the patient’s medical insurance is registered, and this benefited a growing number of people. By March 2019, there were about 1.25 billion social security card holders, covering 89.6 percent of China’s population.

教育普及水平大幅提高。新中国成立之初，教育水平低，人口文化素质差，小学净入学率和初中毛入学率仅分别为20%和3%，高校在校生仅有11.7万人，全国80%的人口是文盲。新中国高度重视发展教育事业，到1978年，学龄儿童入学率达到95.5%；1982年，粗文盲率降至22.8%。改革开放以来，中国大力实施教育优先发展战略，加快推进教育现代化，切实保障公民平等接受教育的权利。2018年，学前三年毛入园率达81.7%，普惠性幼儿园在园幼儿覆盖率达73.1%；小学学龄儿童净入学率达99.95%，初中阶段毛入学率达100.9%，九年义务教育巩固率达94.2%。高中阶段教育基本普及，2018年全国高中阶段在校生3934.7万人。高等教育即将跨入普及化发展阶段，2018年全国普通本专科招生791万人，高等教育在学总规模达3833万人，毛入学率达48.1%。建成现代职业教育和继续教育体系，2018年全国共有1.16万所职业学校，中、高职招生达925.9万人，在校生达2689万人。
Universal education expands remarkably. In the early days of the PRC, China’s education system was poor and the general level of education was low. The net primary education enrolment rate was 20 percent and the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was only 3 percent. There were only 117,000 college students and 80 percent of the population was illiterate. The new Chinese government paid close attention to the development of education. The enrolment rate of school-age children reached 95.5 percent in 1978, and the overall rate of illiteracy had dropped to 22.8 percent by 1982. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has invested an enormous effort in implementing the education-first strategy, to modernize education and guarantee equal access to education for all. In 2018 the gross three-year preschool education enrolment rate reached 81.7 percent, and the children enrolled in government-funded and privately-run non-profit kindergartens accounted for 73.1 percent of all kindergarteners. The net primary education enrolment rate was 99.95 percent, the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was 100.9 percent, and the completion rate of the free nine-year compulsory education was 94.2 percent. Availability of senior secondary education in China is now basically universal. In 2018, senior high schools had a total of 39.35 million students on campus. Higher education is becoming universal. In 2018, with 7.91 million newly enrolled students, there were a total of 38.33 million students studying in colleges and universities, representing a gross college enrolment rate of 48.1 percent. A modern vocational education and continuing education system has been established. In 2018, there were 11,600 vocational schools across China, with a total of 26.89 million students, including 9.26 million newly enrolled.

公共文化服务更好惠及人民。新中国成立之初，文化事业极其落后，公共文化服务设施极其短缺，1949年全国只有55个公共图书馆、896个文化馆、21个博物馆。经过70年的持续努力，社会主义文化事业全面繁荣，覆盖城乡的公共文化体系逐步建立，公共文化设施逐步实现免费开放，文化产业快速发展。截至2018年，全国共有公共图书馆3176个，比1949年增长56.7倍；文化馆（群众艺术馆）3328个、乡镇（街道）文化站41193个、村（社区）综合性文化服务中心340560个，每万人拥有公共图书馆面积和群众文化设施面积分别为114.4平方米和306.9平方米；博物馆总数达5354家，约每26万人拥有1座博物馆，其中4743家博物馆免费开放。2018年，全国广播、电视节目综合人口覆盖率分别达98.94%、99.25%；全年出版各类图书95亿册（张），比1950年增长34倍。公共数字文化服务能力大幅提升，截至2018年，公共图书馆电子图书达8.08亿册，计算机22.35万台，其中供读者使用的电子阅览终端达14.63万台；公共数字文化工程累计建设公共数字文化资源总量约1200TB。加强科普工作，提升公民科学文化素质。
Public cultural services benefit more people. When the PRC was founded in 1949, provision of public cultural services was quite backward, with few public cultural facilities across the whole country – only 55 public libraries, 896 cultural centers, and 21 museums. Thanks to a constant effort over the past 70 years, socialist cultural undertakings in China are flourishing in every respect. A public cultural service system is in place, an increasing number of public cultural facilities are open to the public for free, and the cultural industry is developing rapidly.
In 2018 China had the following facilities and infrastructure:
• 3,176 public libraries (57.7 times of that in 1949)
• 3,328 cultural centers (art centers)
• 41,193 township (sub-district) cultural stations
• 340,560 community (village) centers
• 11.4 sq m of public library space per 1,000 people
• 30.7 sq m of public cultural facilities per 1,000 people
• 5,354 museums (4,743 open to the public for free) – one museum per 260,000 head of population
• 98.94 percent of the total population was covered by the broadcasting network
• 99.25 percent had access to television
• 9.5 billion copies of books were published (35 times of that in 1950).
It also had a significant capability to provide digital cultural services through public libraries, including 808 million e-books, 223,500 computers (including 146,300 e-reading terminals), and 1,200 terabytes of public digital cultural resources created through public digital cultural service projects. Work to popularize science has been further intensified to improve the public’s understanding and appreciation of science and culture.

人民获得了真正的民主权利。中国宪法明确规定，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民当家作主，是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。坚持选举实行普遍、平等、直接选举和间接选举相结合以及差额选举的原则，凡年满18周岁的中国公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，除依法被剥夺政治权利的人外，都有选举权和被选举权。根据国情和实际不断完善选举制度，逐步实现城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，并保证各地区、各民族、各方面都有适当数量的代表。在2016年开始的全国县乡两级人民代表大会换届选举中，登记选民10亿多人，直接选举产生近250万名县乡两级人民代表大会代表。城乡基层民主有序发展，以城乡村（居）民自治为核心，民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督为主要内容的基层群众自治制度基本建立并不断完善。
Chinese people enjoy real democracy. The Constitution clearly provides that all power in the PRC belongs to the people. The essence and the core principle of the socialist democratic political system is that the people are the masters of the country. The NPC and local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The principles of universality, equality, direct election, indirect election, and competitive election are applied. All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law. In line with the national conditions and reality, China has improved the election system to gradually ensure that both rural and urban areas have the same proportion of deputies from the represented population in elections of people’s congress deputies, and that all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies. In the elections of deputies to the people’s congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, more than 1 billion constituents cast votes for nearly 2.5 million deputies.
Orderly development is seen in community-level democracy. A community-level self-governance system, featuring self-governance by urban and rural residents, and democratic election, consultation, decision-making, management, and supervision, is now in place and continues to improve.

切实保障人民知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权。70年来，中国建立健全常态化的法律草案公开征求意见工作机制，不断完善政务公开制度体系，拓宽公众参与立法和重大行政决策的渠道。截至2018年，国家立法机关共有172件法律草案向社会公开征求意见，收到1.5亿多人次提出的510多万条意见。健全依法决策机制，把公众参与、专家论证、风险评估、合法性审查、集体讨论决定确定为重大行政决策法定程序，提高决策科学化、民主化、法治化水平。推动协商民主广泛多层制度化发展，不断规范协商内容、协商程序，拓展协商民主形式，增加协商密度，提高协商成效，以事关经济社会发展全局和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题为内容，开展广泛协商。截至2019年3月，全国政协共收到141807件提案，立案130299件，编刊及转送社情民意信息12096件，大多数提案的建议得到采纳和落实。建立健全信访制度，国家信访信息系统联通了全国各级信访机构、9万多个职能部门和乡镇（街道）、41个中央和国家机关部委，建立人民建议征集制度。畅通民意表达渠道，创新群众监督方式，建立便捷高效的网络表达平台，公民在网络上积极建言献策，表达诉求，有序参与社会管理。坚持和发展“小事不出村，大事不出镇，矛盾不上交”的枫桥经验，不断深化人民调解、行政调解、行业性专业性调解、司法调解衔接联动，完善矛盾纠纷多元化解机制，让群众及时、就地解决问题。全国人大常委会开展执法检查，人民政协积极探索和完善民主监督机制，就决策执行中的问题提出批评和建议。
China protects people’s rights to know, to participate, to express, and to supervise. A mechanism through which public opinion is consulted in drafting laws has been set up and improved. Transparency of administrative work of the government is enhanced, and the channels for public participation in legislation and major administrative decision-making are constantly broadening. By 2018 the state legislatures had solicited public opinion on 172 draft laws, receiving 5.1 million comments from 150 million people.
A mechanism in which decisions are made in accordance with the law has been improved. This takes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, review of legality, and group discussion as legal procedures in major administrative decision-making, so as to make decision-making more reasonable, democratic and law-based. Democratic consultation is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The content and procedure of consultation are regulated, and the forms, frequency, and effect of consultation are extending and increasing. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people. By March 2019, the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) had received 141,807 proposals and 130,299 of them were placed on file, published and transmitted 12,096 samples of public opinion, and adopted and carried out most of the proposals.
A public complaints reporting system has been established and improved. The national public complaints information system links public complaints and proposals administrative organs at all levels with more than 90,000 functional departments, town and township governments and sub-district offices, and 41 departments of the CPC and ministries of the central government. A people’s proposal soliciting system has been set up. China provides smooth channels through which people express their opinion, offers innovative ways of public supervision, and puts in place convenient and effective online platforms for citizens to offer their views and advice, express their demands, and participate in social management in an orderly manner.
The Experience of Fengqiao, a town in Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, is a good example of successful dispute resolution, by which “trivial matters are solved in the villages, major problems are settled in the town, and no conflict are passed on to the higher authorities.” This model is being rolled out. People’s mediation is closely linked to and synergizes with administrative, industry- and profession-based, and judicial mediation, and a diverse conflict and dispute solving mechanism is being improved, so that people can solve their problems quickly and on the site. The NPC Standing Committee carries out examinations of law enforcement. The CPPCC actively explores and improves the democratic supervision system and offers criticism and suggestions regarding problems arising in implementation of the decisions made by the Party or government.

依法保障宗教信仰自由。中国实行宗教信仰自由政策，坚持从本国国情和宗教实际出发，保障公民宗教信仰自由权利，构建积极健康的宗教关系，维护宗教和睦与社会和谐。中国政府依照宪法和法律，支持各宗教坚持独立自主自办原则，各宗教团体、宗教教职人员和信教公民自主办理宗教事业；对涉及国家利益和社会公共利益的宗教事务进行管理，但不干涉宗教内部事务。国家对待各宗教一律平等，一视同仁，不以行政力量发展或禁止某个宗教，任何宗教都不能超越其他宗教在法律上享有特殊地位。中国有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教等宗教信教公民近2亿人，宗教教职人员38万余人，依法登记的宗教活动场所14.4万处，宗教院校92所。
China protects freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. China follows policies on freedom of religious belief. Based on the conditions of the country and reality of its religions, China protects citizens’ freedom of religious belief, builds active and healthy religious relations, and maintains religious and social harmony. In accordance with the Constitution and the law, the Chinese government supports all religions in upholding the principle of independence and self-management. It also supports religious groups, clerical personnel, and believers in managing their own religious affairs. The government manages religious affairs involving national and public interests but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. The state treats all religions fairly and equally, and does not exercise administrative power to encourage or ban any religion. No religion is given preferential treatment over other religions or enjoys special legal privileges. The major religions practiced in China are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestant Christianity, with nearly 200 million believers and more than 380,000 clerical personnel. At present, there are about 144,000 places of worship registered for religious activities and 92 religious schools in China.

环境权利保障日益加强。70年来，随着经济发展和工业化加速推进，中国将环境保护工作纳入各级政府的职能范围，及时确立了保护环境的基本国策，建立并不断完善生态环境保护体制机制和法律法规政策制度体系，提出走可持续发展道路，大力发展循环经济，不断加快清洁低碳化进程。特别是中共十八大以来，中国将生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局，坚持人与自然和谐共生，大力倡导绿色发展，加强生态环境治理，全面打响大气、水、土壤污染防治攻坚战，实施环保督察，“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念深入人心，生态环境质量持续改善。2018年，天然气、水电、核电、风电、太阳能发电等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量的比重为22.1%，比1978年提高15.5个百分点；全国338个地级及以上城市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）平均浓度比2013年下降26.8%，首批实施《环境空气质量标准》的74个城市细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度比2013年下降42%，二氧化硫平均浓度比2013年下降68%；全国地表水优良水质断面比例增至71%，劣Ⅴ类比例降至6.7%。全国生态保护红线初步划定，保护了约95%珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地，以及约45%全国植被固碳量。
Environmental rights are better protected. Over the past 70 years, with rapid economic growth and industrialization, China has determined environmental protection as a national policy and included it in the functions and work of government. It has set up and continued to improve the mechanisms, policies, and legal system required for environmental protection. It advocates sustainable development, promotes a circular economy, and accelerates the process of clean and low-carbon transformation. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has determined environmental progress as a point of the Five-point Strategy. China advocates green development and harmony between human and nature. It is intensifying environmental governance, addressing the thorniest problems in the fight against air, water and soil contamination, and carrying out strict supervision over environmental protection work. The idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets has ingrained into people’s minds. Through such efforts, China is rapidly improving the quality of its environment.
In 2018 clean energy resources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and solar energy, made up 22.1 percent of China’s total energy consumption, an increase of 15.5 percentage points over 1978. Between 2013 and 2018, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level fell by 26.8 percent, and the average PM2.5 and SO2 intensity in the 74 cities that took the lead in implementing the Ambient Air Quality Standards fell by 42 percent and 68 percent respectively. The proportion of excellent and good quality surface water increased to 71 percent while that of inferior Class V surface water dropped to 6.7 percent. An environmental protection zoning map has been drawn up that covers 95 percent of China’s rare and endangered species and their habitats and about 45 percent of carbon sequestration by vegetation.