中国应对气候变化的政策与行动（双语全文）

四、共建公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系
IV. Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for
Win-Win Results

面对复杂形势和诸多挑战，应对气候变化任重道远，需要全球广泛参与、共同行动。中国呼吁国际社会紧急行动起来，全面加强团结合作，坚持多边主义，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系、以国际法为基础的国际秩序，坚定维护《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《巴黎协定》确定的目标、原则和框架，全面落实《巴黎协定》，努力推动构建公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系。
Due to the complexity of the problem and the many facets of the challenge, addressing climate change remains a long and arduous task that demands wide participation and a concerted effort from around the globe. China calls on the international community to take immediate action, strengthen solidarity and cooperation, and remain committed to multilateralism. The whole world should safeguard the international system with the UN at its core and the international order underpinned by international law. All countries should uphold the goals, principles and framework set in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, implement the latter in full, and build a fair and rational global climate governance system for win-win results.

（一）全球应对气候变化面临严峻挑战
1. Severe Challenges to Global Efforts on Climate Change

工业革命以来的人类活动，特别是发达国家大量消费化石能源所产生的二氧化碳累积排放，导致大气中温室气体浓度显著增加，加剧了以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化。世界气象组织发布的《2020年全球气候状况》报告表明，2020年全球平均温度较工业化前水平高出约1.2℃，2011年至2020年是有记录以来最暖的10年。2021年政府间气候变化专门委员会发布的第六次评估报告第一工作组报告表明，人类活动已造成气候系统发生了前所未有的变化。1970年以来的50年是过去两千年以来最暖的50年。预计到本世纪中期，气候系统的变暖仍将持续。
Human activity since the Industrial Revolution, particularly the cumulative carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the huge consumption of fossil fuels by developed countries, have led to a significant increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases exacerbating climate change characterized by global warming. As is stated in the State of the Global Climate 2020 released by the World Meteorological Organization, the global mean temperature for 2020 was around 1.2 °C warmer than pre-industrial times, and the last 10-year average (2011-2020) was the warmest on record. The Working Group I report of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was released in 2021, showed that human activity has caused unprecedented changes to the climate system. According to the report, the five decades since 1970 was the warmest period in the last 2,000 years. It was projected that climate warming will continue beyond the middle of the century.

气候变化对全球自然生态系统产生显著影响，全球许多区域出现并发极端天气气候事件和复合型事件的概率和频率大大增加，高温热浪及干旱并发，极端海平面和强降水叠加造成复合型洪涝事件加剧。2021年，有的地区遭遇强降雨，并引发洪涝灾害，有的地区气温创下历史新高，有的地区森林火灾频发。全球变暖正在影响地球上每一个地区，其中许多变化不可逆转，温度升高、海平面上升、极端气候事件频发给人类生存和发展带来严峻挑战，对全球粮食、水、生态、能源、基础设施以及民众生命财产安全构成长期重大威胁，应对气候变化刻不容缓。
Climate change has had a significant impact on the Earth’s natural ecosystems. In many regions across the world, the probability and the frequency of concurrent extreme weather and climate events and compound events have risen notably. Heatwaves and droughts have hit simultaneously, and extreme sea levels and strong precipitation have caused more frequent and severe compound flooding. In 2021, some areas have been battered by heavy rainfall and consequent floods; some have seen new temperature highs; some have been ravaged by wildfires. Global warming is affecting every region on our planet, and many of the changes are irreversible. Rising temperatures and sea levels and frequent extreme climate events pose a serious challenge for the very survival of humanity and are long-term major threats to the security of global food, water, ecology, energy and infrastructure, and to people’s lives and property. Therefore, addressing climate change is a task of great urgency.

（二）中国为全球气候治理注入强大动力
2. China Provides Powerful Impetus for Global Climate Governance

中国一贯高度重视应对气候变化国际合作，积极参与气候变化谈判，推动达成和加快落实《巴黎协定》，以中国理念和实践引领全球气候治理新格局，逐步站到了全球气候治理舞台的中央。
China attaches great importance to international cooperation on climate change. It is an active participant in climate talks; it has contributed to the conclusion and quick implementation of the Paris Agreement; with its own vision and action it has charted the course for a new form of global climate governance. It has thus gradually moved onto the center stage of global climate governance.

领导人气候外交增强全球气候治理凝聚力。习近平主席多次在重要会议和活动中阐释中国的全球气候治理主张，推动全球气候治理取得重大进展。2015年，习近平主席出席气候变化巴黎大会并发表重要讲话，为达成2020年后全球合作应对气候变化的《巴黎协定》作出历史性贡献。2016年9月，习近平主席亲自交存中国批准《巴黎协定》的法律文书，推动《巴黎协定》快速生效，展示了中国应对气候变化的雄心和决心。在全球气候治理面临重大不确定性时，习近平主席多次表明中方坚定支持《巴黎协定》的态度，为推动全球气候治理指明了前进方向，注入了强劲动力。2020年9月，习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上宣布中国将提高国家自主贡献力度，表明了中国全力推进新发展理念的坚定意志，彰显了中国愿为全球应对气候变化作出新贡献的明确态度。2020年12月，习近平主席在气候雄心峰会上进一步宣布到2030年中国二氧化碳减排、非化石能源发展、森林蓄积量提升等一系列新目标。2021年9月，习近平主席出席第七十六届联合国大会一般性辩论时提出，中国将大力支持发展中国家能源绿色低碳发展，不再新建境外煤电项目，展现了中国负责任大国的责任担当。2021年10月，习近平主席出席《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会领导人峰会并发表主旨讲话，强调为推动实现碳达峰、碳中和目标，中国将陆续发布重点领域和行业碳达峰实施方案和一系列支撑保障措施，构建起碳达峰、碳中和“1+N”政策体系；中国将持续推进产业结构和能源结构调整，大力发展可再生能源，在沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区加快规划建设大型风电光伏基地项目，第一期装机容量约1亿千瓦的项目已于近期有序开工。
China has contributed to global unity on climate governance through its leaders’ climate diplomacy. President Xi Jinping has elaborated China’s view on global climate governance at many events, facilitating major progress at the global level.
In 2015, he gave a keynote speech at the Paris Conference on Climate Change, making a historic contribution to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement on global climate action after 2020.
In September 2016, he deposited in person the legal instrument of China’s ratification of the Paris Agreement. This was a forceful push for the agreement to take effect quickly, showing China’s ambition and resolution in tackling climate change.
At critical moments when global climate governance is facing great uncertainties, President Xi has repeatedly expressed China’s firm support for the Paris Agreement, pointing the direction of global climate governance and adding powerful impetus.
In September 2020, at the general debate of the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, he announced that China will scale up its NDC, demonstrating China’s resolve in applying its new development philosophy and its clear attitude to make further contributions to global efforts against climate change.
In December 2020, at the Climate Ambition Summit, President Xi announced China’s further commitments for 2030 pertaining to matters such as the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, the increase in use of non-fossil fuels, and the forest stock volume.
In September 2021, at the general debate of the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly, he stated that China will step up support for other developing countries in developing green and low-carbon energy, and will build no new coal-fired power projects abroad, manifesting China’s sense of responsibility as a major country.
In October 2021, President Xi attended the Leaders’ Summit of the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and delivered a keynote speech, in which he emphasized that to achieve its carbon peak and neutrality targets, China will release implementation plans for peaking carbon dioxide emissions in key areas and sectors as well as a series of supporting measures, and will put in place a “1+N” policy framework for carbon peak and carbon neutrality. China will continue to readjust its industrial structure and energy mix, vigorously develop renewable energy, and make faster progress in planning and developing large wind power and photovoltaic bases in sandy areas, rocky areas and deserts. The first phase of projects with an installed capacity of approximately 100 million kW has recently started construction in a smooth fashion.

积极建设性参与气候变化国际谈判。中国坚持公平、共同但有区别的责任和各自能力原则，坚持按照公开透明、广泛参与、缔约方驱动和协商一致的原则，引导和推动了《巴黎协定》等重要成果文件的达成。中国推动发起建立了“基础四国”部长级会议和气候行动部长级会议等多边磋商机制，积极协调“基础四国”“立场相近发展中国家”“七十七国集团和中国”应对气候变化谈判立场，为维护发展中国家团结、捍卫发展中国家共同利益发挥了重要作用。积极参加二十国集团（G20）、国际民航组织、国际海事组织、金砖国家会议等框架下气候议题磋商谈判，调动发挥多渠道协同效应，推动多边进程持续向前。
China has been an active and constructive participant in international climate talks. It is committed to the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, and respective capabilities, and maintains that negotiations should be open, transparent, inclusive, party-driven and consensus-based. It played a leading role in and pressed ahead with the conclusion of key documents including the Paris Agreement. China initiated the establishment of multilateral negotiation mechanisms such as the BASIC Ministerial Meeting on Climate Change and the Ministerial on Climate Action. It actively coordinates the positions of countries within climate negotiation blocs such as the BASIC countries, the Like-Minded Developing Countries, and the Group of 77 and China, playing an important role in maintaining the unity of developing countries and defending their common interests. China actively participates in climate negotiations through the Group of 20, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Maritime Organization, the BRICS meetings and so forth, promoting the synergy of multiple channels and multilateral processes.

为广大发展中国家应对气候变化提供力所能及的支持和帮助。中国秉持“授人以渔”理念，积极同广大发展中国家开展应对气候变化南南合作，尽己所能帮助发展中国家特别是小岛屿国家、非洲国家和最不发达国家提高应对气候变化能力，减少气候变化带来的不利影响，中国应对气候变化南南合作成果看得见、摸得着、有实效。2011年以来，中国累计安排约12亿元用于开展应对气候变化南南合作，与35个国家签署40份合作文件，通过建设低碳示范区，援助气象卫星、光伏发电系统和照明设备、新能源汽车、环境监测设备、清洁炉灶等应对气候变化相关物资，帮助有关国家提高应对气候变化能力，同时为近120个发展中国家培训了约2000名应对气候变化领域的官员和技术人员。
China provides assistance and support within its means to other developing countries to tackle climate change. China engages in South-South cooperation on climate change with other developing countries. It has done its best to help those countries – in particular small island states, the least developed countries, and African countries – to build capacity to fight climate change and reduce the adverse impact of climate change. This cooperation has yielded real, tangible and solid results. Since 2011, China has allocated about RMB1.2 billion for South-South climate cooperation and signed 40 cooperation documents with 35 countries. It has helped countries to build low-carbon demonstration zones and provided them with climate-related supplies such as meteorological satellites, PV power generation and lighting equipment, NEVs, environmental monitoring devices, and clean cookstoves. It has trained about 2,000 officials and professionals in the field of climate change for nearly 120 developing countries.

建设绿色丝绸之路为全球气候治理贡献中国方案。中国坚持把绿色作为底色，携手各方共建绿色丝绸之路，强调积极应对气候变化挑战，倡议加强在落实《巴黎协定》等方面的务实合作。2021年，中国与28个国家共同发起“一带一路”绿色发展伙伴关系倡议，呼吁各国应根据公平、共同但有区别的责任和各自能力原则，结合各自国情采取气候行动以应对气候变化。中国同有关国家一道实施“一带一路”应对气候变化南南合作计划，成立“一带一路”能源合作伙伴关系，促进共建“一带一路”国家开展生态环境保护和应对气候变化。
China offers its approach to global climate governance through building a green silk road. China aims to promote green development and is working with relevant partners to build a green silk road. It emphasizes the importance of an active response to the challenges of climate change and calls for closer results-oriented cooperation in implementing the Paris Agreement and in other areas. In 2021, China and 28 other countries launched the Initiative for Belt and Road Partnership on Green Development, advocating that climate change can be addressed through actions guided by the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, weighted against different national circumstances. China is working with relevant countries to implement the Belt and Road South-South Cooperation Initiative on Climate Change, establish the Belt and Road Energy Partnership, and facilitate actions on ecological conservation and climate change.

（三）应对气候变化中国倡议
3. Tackling Climate Change: China’s Initiatives

应对气候变化是全人类的共同事业，面对全球气候治理前所未有的困难，国际社会要以前所未有的雄心和行动，勇于担当，勠力同心，积极应对气候变化，共谋人与自然和谐共生之道。
Addressing climate change is a cause shared by all of humanity. Faced with unprecedented challenges in global climate governance, the international community needs to respond with unprecedented ambition and action. We need to act with a sense of responsibility and unity, take proactive measures, and work together to pursue harmony between humanity and nature.

坚持可持续发展。气候变化是人类不可持续发展模式的产物，只有在可持续发展的框架内加以统筹，才可能得到根本解决。要把应对气候变化纳入国家可持续发展整体规划，倡导绿色、低碳、循环、可持续的生产生活方式，不断开拓生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。
We must commit to sustainable development. Climate change results from unsustainable development models, thus it can be fundamentally resolved only by taking coordinated actions within the framework of sustainable development. All countries should integrate climate action into their national overall plans for sustainable development, promote a green, low-carbon, circular and sustainable approach to life and work, and foster a model of sustainable development featuring increased output, higher living standards, and healthy ecosystems.

坚持多边主义。国际上的事要由大家共同商量着办，世界前途命运要由各国共同掌握。在气候变化挑战面前，人类命运与共，单边主义没有出路，只有坚持多边主义，讲团结、促合作，才能互利共赢，福泽各国人民。要坚持通过制度和规则来协调规范各国关系，反对恃强凌弱，规则一旦确定，就要有效遵循，不能合则用、不合则弃，这是共同应对气候变化的有效途径，也是国际社会的基本共识。
We must commit to multilateralism. International affairs should be addressed by all parties involved through consultation, and the future of the world should be shaped by all countries acting together. In meeting the climate challenge, no one can isolate themselves and unilateralism will get us nowhere. Only by upholding multilateralism, unity and cooperation can we deliver shared benefits for all nations. State-to-state relations should be coordinated and regulated through proper institutions and rules. The strong should not abuse the weak. Rules, once made, should be followed by all. They should never be options which are observed or abandoned according to national interests. This is an effective way of jointly addressing climate change that must be respected by all of the international community.

坚持共同但有区别的责任原则。这是全球气候治理的基石。发达国家和发展中国家在造成气候变化上历史责任不同，发展需求和能力也存在差异，用统一尺度来限制是不适当的，也是不公平的。要充分考虑各国国情和能力，坚持各尽所能、国家自主决定贡献的制度安排，不搞“一刀切”。发展中国家的特殊困难和关切应当得到充分重视，发达国家在应对气候变化方面要多作表率，为发展中国家提供资金、技术、能力建设等方面支持。
We must commit to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is the cornerstone of global climate governance. Developed and developing countries shoulder different historical responsibilities for climate change, and they also have different development needs and capabilities. Therefore, it is unreasonable and unfair to enforce uniform restrictions on them. We should take into account different national circumstances and capabilities, and uphold the institutions according to which every country determines its contribution and does its part to the best of its ability. No one-size-fits-all standards should be adopted. Particular difficulties and concerns of developing countries should be accommodated. Developed countries should play an exemplary role in climate action and support developing countries in financing, technology, and capacity building.

坚持合作共赢。当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，人类也正处在一个挑战层出不穷、风险日益增多的时代，气候变化等非传统安全威胁持续蔓延，没有哪个国家能独善其身，需要同舟共济、团结合作。国际社会应深化伙伴关系，提升合作水平，在应对全球气候变化的征程中取长补短、互学互鉴、互利共赢，实现共同发展，惠及全人类。
We must commit to win-win cooperation. The world is undergoing changes of a scale unseen in a century, and humanity is in an era in which challenges emerge one after another and risks increase with each passing day. Non-conventional security threats including climate change are spreading. No country is immune from such challenges. The whole world needs to work together in solidarity and engage in cooperation. Countries should learn from each other and make common progress in a global effort to combat climate change, with the goal of achieving shared development for all.

坚持言出必行。应对气候变化关键在行动。各方共同推动《巴黎协定》实施，要持之以恒，不要朝令夕改；要重信守诺，不要言而无信。要积极推动各国落实已经提出的国家自主贡献目标，将目标转化为落实的政策、措施和具体行动，避免把提出目标变成空喊口号。
We must commit to concrete actions. The key to addressing climate change lies in action. In implementing the Paris Agreement, we must maintain continuity and honor commitments. We must not be diverted from our course, turn about, or pay lip service. All countries should actively fulfill the NDCs they themselves have set, and turn goals into concrete policies, measures and actions.

结束语
Conclusion

当前，中国已经全面建成小康社会，正开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家、实现中华民族伟大复兴的新征程。应对气候变化是中国高质量发展的应有之义，既关乎中国人民对美好生活的期待，也关系到各国人民福祉。
China has succeeded in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and has now embarked on a new journey to build a modern country and achieve national rejuvenation. To realize high-quality development, it is essential for China to tackle climate change, a key issue that will have an impact on the wellbeing not only of the people of China, but of all the peoples throughout the world.

面对新征程，中国将立足新发展阶段，贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，推动高质量发展，将碳达峰、碳中和纳入经济社会发展全局，以降碳为生态文明建设的重点战略方向，推动减污降碳协同增效，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，推动实现生态环境质量改善由量变到质变，努力建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化。
On the way forward into a new development stage, China will implement its new development philosophy and create a new development dynamic to boost high-quality development. With the reduction in carbon emissions as a major strategic goal for eco-environmental progress, it will incorporate the goals of peaking carbon emissions and reaching carbon neutrality into the overall economic and social development . It will decrease the emissions of both pollution and carbon, and strive to achieve synergy and efficiency. It will promote a comprehensive transition to green and low-carbon economic and social development, bring a fundamental change to its eco-environment by accumulating small changes, and achieve a model of modernization in which humanity and nature exist harmoniously.

气候变化带给人类的挑战是现实的、严峻的、长远的。把一个清洁美丽的世界留给子孙后代，需要国际社会共同努力。无论国际形势如何变化，中国将重信守诺，继续坚定不移坚持多边主义，与各方一道推动《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《巴黎协定》的全面平衡有效持续实施，脚踏实地落实国家自主贡献目标，强化温室气体排放控制，提升适应气候变化能力水平，为推动构建人类命运共同体作出更大努力和贡献，让人类生活的地球家园更加美好。
Challenges posed by climate change are real, severe and lasting. The response requires the joint effort of all the international community, if we are to leave a clean and beautiful world to future generations. China will honor its promises and continue to support multilateralism, however the global situation changes. It will work with other parties to achieve the full, balanced, effective and sustained implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, to fulfill its NDC goals, to control greenhouse gas emissions, and to increase its ability to adapt to climate change. It will redouble its efforts to promote a global community of shared future, and make a greater contribution to a better home planet for all humanity.