《中国的出口管制》白皮书（双语全文）

四、积极开展出口管制国际交流与合作
IV. Promoting International Exchanges and Cooperation

中国一贯重视并积极开展出口管制国际交流与合作，推动增信释疑、互学互鉴，促进出口管制的国际协调，促进出口管制物项合规贸易，为提升国际出口管制的公正性、开放性作出中国贡献。
As an active participant, China prioritizes international exchanges and cooperation on export controls. It endeavors to boost mutual trust, ease doubts, increase mutual learning, strengthen international coordination, and promote trading in export-controlled items that is consistent with compliance requirements, so as to contribute to a more open and just regime for international export controls.

（一）开展双边交流与合作
1. Conducting Bilateral Exchanges and Cooperation

中国在相互尊重、平等互利的基础上，积极开展出口管制双边交流与合作，通过对话协商增进互信，体现中国开放合作的态度，促进双边合作互利共赢。
Based on mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, China engages in international exchanges and cooperation on export controls, in order to increase mutual trust through dialogue and consultation. These efforts reflect China's open and cooperative attitude, and facilitate win-win cooperation.

积极促进出口管制物项合规贸易。中国与多个国家和地区建立政府间机制，开展政府间磋商、研讨，与企业对话等活动，交流经验做法。与有关国家出口管制主管部门保持对话，加强出口管制领域交流合作。中国与俄罗斯等国签署双边协议，相互出具《最终用户和最终用途说明》，推进互信合作。
China promotes trading in export-controlled items that is consistent with compliance requirements. China has established inter-governmental mechanisms with various countries and regions to share experience and practices through government-to-government consultations and discussions and dialogues with business. China has also maintained communication with export control authorities in other countries to strengthen exchanges and cooperation. To build up mutual trust and cooperation, China has signed bilateral agreements with Russia and several other countries for mutual issuing of end-user and end-use certificates.

深入开展双边出口管制、防扩散交流与合作。中国与美国多次举办出口管制物项识别研讨会，增进执法技术交流。在核领域，中国与美国、俄罗斯、英国、法国、德国以及欧盟机构等保持磋商与交流，并依法通过信息交流和执法合作，联合打击违法活动。在监控化学品领域，中国在《禁止化学武器公约》框架下与其他缔约国开展双边交流与合作，并赴德国、西班牙、韩国、日本等国开展最终用户和最终用途核查工作。中国已与10余个国家建立副部级、司局级战略安全、军控与防扩散磋商机制，相互分享防扩散领域经验做法，对增进相互理解与合作发挥了重要作用。
China is deeply involved in bilateral exchanges and cooperation on export controls and non-proliferation. China and the US have held multiple seminars on identifying export-controlled items to promote exchanges on enforcement skills. In nuclear non-proliferation, China has maintained consultations and exchanges with the US, Russia, the UK, France, Germany, and the EU to take resolute action against illegal activities through information exchanges and cooperation on enforcement. With respect to controlled chemicals, China has engaged in bilateral exchanges and cooperation with other States Parties under the framework of the CWC, and conducted end-user and end-use verifications in Germany, Spain, the Republic of Korea, Japan and other countries. China has established consultation mechanisms with more than ten countries at vice-ministerial and director-general levels on strategic security, arms control, and non-proliferation, which, as platforms for sharing non-proliferation experience and practices, have played a crucial role in increasing mutual understanding and cooperation.

除政府间合作外，中国积极支持出口管制非政府间交流与合作。商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院、中国军控与裁军协会、中国现代国际关系研究院、中国核能行业协会等机构积极与相关国家的研究机构等开展非政府间交流、学术研究、民间国际交往活动，通过联合举办研讨会、论坛和实地参观等方式，加深了解，增进友谊。
In addition to inter-governmental cooperation, China also supports non-governmental exchanges and cooperation on export control. Chinese institutions such as the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce, the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, and the China Nuclear Energy Association, have held non-governmental exchanges, conducted academic research, and engaged in international people-to-people interactions with research institutions of other countries. Through symposiums, forums and on-site visits, these institutions have increased mutual understanding and friendship with their foreign counterparts.

（二）加强多边对话和磋商
2. Strengthening Multilateral Dialogue and Consultation

中国重视通过联合国及出口管制领域的多边机制，对全球性问题、突发性事件保持沟通与磋商，以促进世界和平和地区安全。
As part of the effort to promote world peace and regional security, China prioritizes communication and consultation on global issues and emergencies via the UN and multilateral export control mechanisms.

中国主张，联合国作为最具普遍性的国际组织，应发挥核心作用，平衡处理防扩散与和平利用的关系，保障发展中国家和平利用科技进步成果的合法权利。2021年12月，在中国的倡议下，第76届联大通过“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议，强调和平利用科技及相关国际合作对经济、社会发展的重要性，敦促各国在履行防扩散国际义务的同时，取消对发展中国家和平利用科技的不合理限制。该决议的通过标志着在联大框架下开启了开放、包容、公正的对话进程，对维护各国和平利用科技的合法权益、推动科技进步成果普惠共享、应对科技发展带来的安全挑战具有重要意义，有助于推动《不扩散核武器条约》《禁止化学武器公约》《禁止生物武器公约》等国际条约得到更加全面、平衡的执行，有助于现有防扩散、出口管制相关机制的成员国加强同其他国家的对话交流，更好地服务于普遍安全与共同发展，符合整个国际社会的共同利益。中国将继续与各方一道，推进联大框架下的对话进程。
China advocates that as the most representative international organization, the UN should play a central role in finding the right balance between non-proliferation and peaceful uses, and in safeguarding the legitimate rights of developing countries to peaceful uses of technological advances. In December 2021, the 76th Session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted the China-initiated resolution "Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security", which emphasizes the significance of international cooperation in science and technology for peaceful purposes in facilitating economic and social development, and urges all Member States, without prejudice to their non-proliferation obligations, to lift unnecessary restrictions on peaceful use in developing countries. The adoption of this resolution marks the beginning of an open, inclusive and just dialogue process under the UNGA framework, which is in line with the common interests of the international community. It represents a critical contribution to safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of all countries concerning peaceful uses of technology, ensuring that scientific and technological dividends are widely shared to the benefit of all, and addressing the security challenges arising from scientific and technological progress. It is also conducive to fuller and more balanced implementation of the NPT, the CWC, the BWC and other international treaties, and to greater dialogue and exchanges between other countries and State Members of the existing mechanisms on non-proliferation and export control, to better serve shared security and development. China will continue to work with all other parties to advance this dialogue process under the UNGA framework.

2004年4月，联合国安理会一致通过第1540号决议，要求各国加强对大规模杀伤性武器及相关材料和技术的国内管理和出口管制，防范和打击非国家实体获取上述物项。该决议是安理会第一个专门的防扩散决议，有利于在国际法基础上推动和加强国际合作。中国积极支持并参加安理会1540委员会等联合国框架下的防扩散工作，积极推动安理会第1540号决议全面审议进程。为推进决议在亚洲地区的执行，中方与安理会1540委员会于2015年、2017年、2019年，分别在中国青岛、西安、厦门举办了三届“亚太地区防扩散国家联络点培训班”。
In April 2004, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1540 (UNSCR 1540), which requires all countries to reinforce domestic management and export control of WMD and relevant materials and technologies, and to prevent and combat the proliferation of such items among non-state actors. As the first UN Security Council resolution dedicated to non-proliferation, this advances international cooperation under international law. China actively supports and participates in non-proliferation efforts under relevant UN frameworks, including the 1540 Committee, and works vigorously to promote the comprehensive review of UNSCR 1540. To strengthen its enforcement in Asia, China and the 1540 Committee hosted three training sessions - "Training Course for the 1540 Points of Contact in the Asia-Pacific Region" - in the Chinese cities of Qingdao, Xi'an and Xiamen in 2015, 2017 and 2019.

2004年，中国加入“核供应国集团”。中国严格履行成员义务，积极参与“集团”政策磋商、清单制定、信息交流等事务，与其他成员加强出口管制合作。中国根据“集团”准则，对《核出口管制条例》《核两用品及相关技术出口管制条例》作出相应修订，将进口国接受全面保障监督作为核出口条件，并与“集团”管制清单保持同步，定期修订出口管制清单。
Since its accession to the NSG in 2004, China has conscientiously assumed its membership obligations, actively taken part in policy consultations, drawing up lists, information sharing, and other NSG matters, and stepped up export control cooperation with other NSG members. Following the NSG Guidelines, China has amended Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Export and Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Dual-use Items and Related Technologies Export. In the amendments, acceptance of comprehensive safeguards and oversight by the importing country is a precondition for the export of nuclear materials, and the export control lists are routinely updated in sync with the NSG's control list.

2004年，中国正式申请加入“导弹及其技术控制制度”并与其保持沟通交流，举办5轮对话会，就导弹领域的出口管制制度、管制清单、执法情况及中国加入等问题进行交流和磋商。中国在制定导弹出口管制条例和清单时，借鉴了“制度”准则和技术附件。
China officially applied to join the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2004, and has since maintained communication and exchanges, with five rounds of dialogue focusing on China's accession and issues regarding control systems, lists and the enforcement of missile export controls. China referred to the MTCR Guidelines and Annex when formulating its missile export control regulations and control list.

中国同“瓦森纳安排”保持沟通与交流，双方举行了5轮对话会，就常规武器及相关两用物项和技术的出口管制原则、清单及“最佳操作规范”等问题深入交换意见。
China has maintained communication and exchanges with the Wassenaar Arrangement. The two sides have held five rounds of in-depth dialogue on control principles, lists, and best practices pertaining to the export of conventional arms and relevant dual-use items and technologies.

中国与“澳大利亚集团”保持接触和交流，双方举行6轮磋商，就生物和化学领域防扩散形势、《禁止化学武器公约》和《禁止生物武器公约》履约情况、“澳大利亚集团”运作情况等交换意见。
China has been involved in six rounds of consultation with the Australia Group (AG) on biological and chemical non-proliferation, implementation of the CWC and the BWC, and operation of the AG.

中国愿同国际社会共同推动出口管制相关多边机制保持公正性和开放性，增加成员的代表性和多样性，坚持走团结合作之路，抵制歧视性做法，携手应对各种全球性问题，共同创造人类更加美好的未来。
China is willing to work with the international community to ensure that multilateral export control mechanisms are just and open, and to increase the diversity and breadth of representation in their membership. China upholds solidarity and cooperation, opposes discriminatory approaches, and advocates that all countries work together to address serious global issues and create a brighter future for humanity.

结束语
Conclusion

当前，国际格局深刻演变，国际出口管制面临诸多挑战，建设一个持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界任重道远。加强国际合作，谋求共同安全与发展，需要各国长期不懈的共同努力。
The international landscape is undergoing profound changes, and the world is rife with challenges in the field of export control. It is no easy task to build an open, inclusive, clean and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity. All countries need to work together, relentless in their determination to strengthen international cooperation and pursue shared security and development.

中国将坚持总体国家安全观，不断推进出口管制体系和能力建设，强化管理，严格执法，推进合规建设，有效应对新形势下面临的风险和挑战。中国将担当大国责任，履行国际义务和承诺，开展出口管制交流与合作，同各国一道，推进国际出口管制治理健康发展，为构建人类命运共同体作出积极贡献。
Employing a holistic approach to national security and export controls, China will continue to strengthen its systems, increase capacity, reinforce administration, step up enforcement, and promote compliance, so as to effectively address the risks and challenges under the new circumstances. China will shoulder its due responsibilities as a major country by fulfilling its international obligations and commitments, by participating in exchanges and cooperation on export controls, and by joining forces with all other countries to build sound international export control governance as part of a global community of shared future.