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2019年2月新闻热词汇总

中国日报网 2019-03-01 11:30

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双层动车组 double-decker bullet train

A model of China's future double-decker bullet train was unveiled by the Chinese Academy of Sciences on Monday, with experts predicting it could reach speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour.
18日,由中国科学院研制的中国未来双层高铁动车模型披露,专家预测其时速可达350公里。

 

据介绍,双层动车组(double-decker bullet train)瞄准国际市场,以时速160公里为基础技术平台,车体、转向架等核心部件按照高速动车组的标准设计、验证(core components designed according to the current standards for high-speed trains),可以根据不同需求进行技术升级(technological upgrade),达到时速160公里以上多种速度等级。同时整车采用轻量化设计,复合制动控制(hybrid braking system),安全节能环保。

西南交通大学教授张卫华介绍说,德国、法国的下一代高速列车均提倡用双层动车组技术,其目标是提高旅客乘坐能力,提升运能(improving passenger capacity),提高经济性(economic efficiency)。

列车高速行驶,如果车体加高、荷载加重,高速转弯时会因离心力作用导致失稳(lose stability due to centrifugal forces),这也是双层高铁动车组研制中最关键的问题。

张卫华说:“就速度来说,只要解决了低重心和大容量等设计技术问题(design and technical problems such as the train's high center of gravity and large passenger capacity),单层速度跑时速350公里,双层动车速度也应该没问题。”

 

app布置作业 assigning homework on mobile apps

Zhejiang province is moving to ban teachers from assigning homework on mobile apps as part of an effort to save students' eyesight.
浙江省计划严禁教师用手机应用程序(app)布置作业,以保护学生视力。

Along with banning app-based homework assignments, the regulation would limit the use of electronic devices to 30 percent of total teaching time and instead encourage homework to be completed by hand on paper.
除了禁止用手机应用程序(app)布置作业以外,该意见还规定使用电子产品开展教学时长不超过教学总时长的30%,鼓励动手完成纸质作业。

作业方面,小学一二年级不布置书面家庭作业(no written homework at all should be assigned to children in the first two years of school),三至六年级书面家庭作业完成时间不得超过60分钟,初中不得超过90分钟,高中阶段也要合理安排作业时间。

在考试管理方面,全面推进义务教育学校免试就近入学全覆盖(fully implement the policy ensuring that children can receive compulsory education at schools close to where they live without having to take entrance exams)。小学一二年级每学期不得超过1次,其他年级每学期不得超过2次。严禁以任何形式、方式公布学生考试成绩和排名(no release of test results and ranks in any form);严禁以各类竞赛获奖证书、学科竞赛成绩或考级证明等作为招生入学依据(enrollment based on academic competition results will be banned);严禁以各种名义组织考试选拔学生。

防控儿童青少年近视,浙江省教育厅还要求,强化体育课和课外锻炼(increase the time for sports and extra-curricular activities),大课间、课外体育活动、眼保健操时间均纳入课表(long breaks, extra-curricular sports activities and eye exercises will be included in school schedules),严格按规定时间组织实施。儿童青少年近视防控工作(myopia prevention and control)、总体近视率(overall myopia rate)和体质健康状况(physical health)纳入政府绩效考核的要求。

教育部也于近日发文,明确教师不得通过手机微信和QQ等方式布置作业。

Teachers will not be allowed to use the WeChat or QQ messaging apps to assign homework or ask parents to grade students' homework.
教师不得通过手机微信和QQ等方式布置作业,或将批改作业的任务交给家长。


霹雳舞 breakdancing

Breakdancing has been proposed for inclusion in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, organizers have announced. It is among four sports that organizers will propose to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as well as surfing, climbing and skateboarding, which will all debut at Tokyo 2020.
巴黎奥组委已向国际奥委会提议在2024年巴黎奥运会上增加霹雳舞、滑板、攀岩以及冲浪四个大项,其中滑板、攀岩以及冲浪三个项目将在2020年东京奥运会上首次亮相。

 

霹雳舞(breakdancing)起源于上世纪60年代末、70年代初,最初在非裔和拉丁裔美国年轻人当中兴起,有时也简称为breaking、b-boying或b-girling(跳霹雳舞的人就可以简称为breaker、b-boy或b-girl),属于街舞(street dance)的一种。霹雳舞的动作多为即兴(improvisational),主要强调能量、动作、创意,还有一点点危险的感觉。这里的break指DJ通过混音制造出的连续的舞曲节拍(a continuous dancing beat)。

2018年,霹雳舞作为新增项目首次在阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯青奥会(Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires)亮相。

The young participants competed in head-to-head "battles" under nicknames, with Russia's b-boy Bumblebee taking home the men's gold medal, while Japan's Ramu Kawai won the girls' title.
年轻选手们都有自己的昵称,在赛场上捉对“厮杀”,最终俄罗斯选手Bumblebee和日本选手Ramu Kawai分获男女金牌。


对于巴黎奥组委的提议,国际奥委会表示:

"We are pleased to see that Paris 2024's proposal for new sports to the Olympic programme is very much in line with the reforms of Olympic Agenda 2020, which is striving to make the Olympic programme gender-balanced, more youth-focused and more urban."
我们很高兴看到巴黎2024年奥运会提议增加的新项目与《奥林匹克2020议程》提出的改革方向高度一致,那就是让奥运会项目更加注重性别平衡、更年轻化、更都市化。


巴黎奥组委主席托尼·埃斯坦盖(Tony Estanguet)表示:

Breakdancing is a fantastic opportunity to be really in line with the story that Paris 2024 wants to tell. We want those Games in connection with creativity, connected with the youth, more urban, more out of the stadiums.
霹雳舞为我们提供了很好的契机,也与巴黎2024年奥运会希望呈现的内容不谋而合。我们希望举办一届独具创新、更接近年轻群体、更有都市气息、更能走向场外的奥运会。


国际奥委会全会于2014年12月通过了《奥林匹克2020议程》(Olympic Agenda 2020),围绕可持续发展、提高公信力和吸引青少年三大主题(with regard to sustainability, credibility and youth)提出了40条改革建议,其中包括相对灵活地设置奥运会比赛项目、东道主可提议增项(allow the OCOGs to make a proposal for the inclusion of one or more additional events on the Olympic programme for that edition of the Olympic Games)。


中国教育现代化2035 China's Education Modernization 2035

China's Education Modernization 2035 plan sets the direction for the development of the education sector so that its overall capacity and international influence are strengthened.
《中国教育现代化2035》为教育领域设定了发展方向,使其教育总体实力和国际影响力显著增强。

《中国教育现代化2035》提出,推进教育现代化的总体目标是:

到2020年,全面实现“十三五”发展目标,教育总体实力和国际影响力显著增强(overall capacity and international influence are strengthened),劳动年龄人口平均受教育年限明显增加,教育现代化取得重要进展,为全面建成小康社会作出重要贡献。

在此基础上,再经过15年努力,到2035年,总体实现教育现代化,迈入教育强国(education power)行列,推动我国成为学习大国、人力资源强国和人才强国(making China a powerhouse in terms of education,human resources and talents),为到本世纪中叶建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国(to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the century)奠定坚实基础。

2035年主要发展目标是:

建成服务全民终身学习的现代教育体系(a modern education system of lifelong learning)、普及有质量的学前教育(universal quality preschool education)、实现优质均衡的义务教育(quality and balanced compulsory education)、全面普及高中阶段教育、职业教育服务能力显著提升(enhanced vocational education)、高等教育竞争力明显提升( more competitive higher education)、残疾儿童少年享有适合的教育(special schooling for the disabled)、形成全社会共同参与的教育治理新格局。

《中国教育现代化2035》聚焦教育发展的突出问题和薄弱环节,立足当前,着眼长远,重点部署了面向教育现代化的十大战略任务:

一是学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想(following Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)。

二是发展中国特色世界先进水平的优质教育(building world-class education sector with Chinese Characteristics)。

三是推动各级教育高水平高质量普及(improving the accessibility of quality education from pre-school to higher education stages)。

四是实现基本公共教育服务均等化(ensuring equal access to basic public education services)。

五是构建服务全民的终身学习体系(establishing a modern education system of lifelong learning)。

六是提升一流人才培养与创新能力(improving cultivation process of first-class talents and their innovation capability)。

七是建设高素质专业化创新型教师队伍(building a highly professional teaching staff with innovative aspirations)。

八是加快信息化时代教育变革(speeding up education reform in the information era)。

九是开创教育对外开放新格局(further opening the education sector to the world)。

十是推进教育治理体系和治理能力现代化(promoting education modernization in terms of management system and capacity)。


性别歧视 gender discrimination

A notice jointly released by nine bodies — including the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Education, the All-China Women’s Federation, and the Supreme People’s Court — prohibits companies from prioritizing any candidate or rejecting any application based on gender. Employers can face fines of up to 50,000 yuan for publishing job ads with sexist requirements, while recruiting agencies may have their work permits revoked for severe discriminatory practices.
人社部、教育部、全国妇联以及最高法等九部门联合发文,禁止企业在招聘时限定性别或性别优先。用人单位发布含有性别歧视内容招聘信息的,或将面临最高5万元罚款,情节严重的人力资源服务机构,将被吊销人力资源服务许可证。

 

英语中的sexism一词指的是prejudice or discrimination based on sex(基于性别的偏见或歧视),尤其指针对女性的歧视(discrimination against women),抱有这种性别歧视态度的人就称为sexist。“性别歧视”更正式一些的说法是gender discrimination。而提倡性别平等(gender equality),抵制性别歧视的人群则是feminist(女权主义者),他们所倡导的理念就是feminism(女权主义)。

通知提出,各类用人单位、人力资源服务机构在招聘过程中不得询问妇女婚育情况(asking female applicants about their marital or childbearing status),不得将妊娠测试作为入职体检项目(requiring new employees to take pregnancy tests),不得将限制生育作为录用条件(restricting births as a condition of employment),不得差别化地提高对妇女的录用标准。

通知指出:

Gender equality is the basic national policy of our country. Promoting equal employment for women is conducive to promoting women’s wider and deeper participation in social and economic activities and enhancing social productivity and economic vitality.
男女平等是我国基本国策。促进妇女平等就业,有利于推动妇女更加广泛深入参加社会和经济活动,提升社会生产力和经济活力。


通知特别提到,要加强监察执法,依法惩处侵害女职工孕期、产期、哺乳期特殊劳动保护权益行为(workplace rights protection during pregnancy, child birth and baby nursing period)。

同时,通知还提出将用人单位、人力资源服务机构因发布含有性别歧视内容的招聘信息接受行政处罚等情况纳入人力资源市场诚信记录(credit record of human resources market),依法实施失信惩戒。


人脸识别 facial recognition

北京市卫健委表示,北京天坛医院、北京大学第三医院等30余家医院具备人脸识别系统,对现场挂号的“熟脸号贩”有较高的识别功能。

The facial recognition system can identify over 2,100 "suspected scalpers" who frequently come to make appointments at registration desks and sell them to others for a profit.
该人脸识别系统可识别2100余名到现场挂号并转卖号源获利的“熟脸号贩”。

【知识点】

这里的scalper就是我们通常所说的“黄牛”,指“以暴利为目的,转手倒卖车票、戏票、球票或电影票等稀缺票证资源的人”,具体来说就有ticket scalpers(票贩子)和appointment scalpers(医院的号贩子)等。

这个词的词根scalp原指“头皮”。到了17世纪,scalp延伸为“战利品”——北美印第安人与敌人交战时,若取胜,常把对方的头皮剥下来作为“战利品”。再之后,scalp指“转手倒卖并从中获利”,可做动词,如to scalp tickets to the baseball game(倒卖棒球比赛的门票)。

据了解,北京通过开展整治“号贩子”“网络医托”专项行动,去年治安拘留“号贩子”900余人。被人脸识别系统关注的“号贩子”一旦进入医院,系统后台即可发现并进行监控(once these scalpers enter the hospitals, they will be monitored)。

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