2020年11月新闻热词汇总

流失文物 lost cultural relics

11月18日，国家文物局副局长关强在国家文物局召开的例行新闻发布会上表示，今年1月以来，国家文物局与外交、海关等部门紧密合作，在中国驻英国使馆大力支持下，历时10个月，成功将流失英国25年的68件走私文物追索回国。

 

The cultural relics date from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), encompassing a variety of items, mainly ceramics. They are from provinces including Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Shaanxi, Hebei and Guizhou.
这些文物时间跨度从春秋到清代，质地多为陶瓷，地域分布江西、安徽、福建、河南、陕西、河北、贵州等。

【单词讲解】

我们常见的cultural relics里面的relic指“an object, tradition, or system from the past that continues to exist”，即“从过去流传至今的物件、传统或体系”，在考古领域多指“从过去遗留下来的物件，没有现实用处，但多具有历史意义”或者“遗迹、遗物”等。Artifact，在英式英语中写作artefact，一般指“手工制品”，在考古领域则多指挖掘出来的“手工制作的（工具、武器、饰品等具有考古或历史价值的）文物”。因此在表示“历史文物”的时候，relic涵盖的范围要比artifact要广一些，而且这两个词一般都用复数形式。

Their return brings an end to a quarter-century of China's efforts to retrieve lost cultural relics from overseas, said Guan Qiang, deputy director of the administration.
国家文物局副局长关强表示，这批文物的回归，为中国政府持续25年的跨国文物追索行动画上圆满句号。

【单词讲解】

这里用常见词return表示“返还、回归”很好理解，更加正式的表达可以用repatriate historical artifacts或者名词形式repatriation of historical artifacts，repatriate表示send something back to its home country（把...送回国），如果是repatriate someone则表示“遣返、遣送回国”。

“追索流散文物”可以用retrieve lost cultural relics/historical artifacts表示。Retrieve 表示“找回，重新获得”，比如追讨官员赃款（retrieve officials' illegal gains），找到遗体（retrieve bodies）等。

1989年，中国接受联合国教科文组织1970年《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》（the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property），之后与20多个国家就打击非法文物交易以及流失文物追索返还签署双边协议（bilateral agreements on fighting the illegal transfer of and facilitating the repatriation of relics）。

 

金砖国家新工业革命伙伴关系 BRICS partnership on the new industrial revolution

President Xi Jinping said that China will work with other parties to flesh out the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution at a faster pace, adding that China will set up an innovation center for such a partnership in Xiamen, Fujian province to advance cooperation on policy coordination, personnel training and project development. Xi made the remarks on Nov 17 when addressing the 12th BRICS Summit via video link.
金砖国家领导人第十二次会晤11月17日以视频方式举行，国家主席习近平发表讲话。他表示，中方愿同各方一道加快建设金砖国家新工业革命伙伴关系。我们将在福建省厦门市建立金砖国家新工业革命伙伴关系创新基地，开展政策协调、人才培养、项目开发等领域合作。

 

暴雪 snowstorm

受往年同期罕见的强大暖湿气流影响，11月19日中国东北及内蒙古地区出现雨雪冰冻大风天气。

 

Snowstorms in China's northernmost province of Heilongjiang have grounded more than 100 flights and forced expressways and schools to be closed, local authorities said.
当地政府表示，黑龙江省暴雪已导致100多个航班取消，高速路和学校也被迫关闭。

【单词讲解】

这里的ground用作动词，表示“使...停留在地面（港口）不能移动”，多用于轮船、飞机等运输设备，所以上面这句话我们也可以说more than 100 flights were grounded because of the snowstorm。另外，经常看美剧的同学应该能注意到，ground有时候也用来表示家长对做错事的孩子进行惩罚，不让他们出去玩，就是“禁足”，比如：My parents grounded me for a week（我爸妈让我禁足一个星期）或I am grounded for a week（我被禁足一个星期）。

Snowfall of up to 25.8 mm was recorded in cities including Harbin and Mudanjiang, bringing a blanket of snow 17 cm deep in some places, according to the province's meteorological center.
黑龙江省气象中心的数据显示，哈尔滨、牡丹江等地的降雪达到25.8毫米，部分地区的积雪厚度达到17厘米。

In Jilin province, heavy rains and strong winds have forced many cities to close their primary and middle schools and kindergartens for one or two days, including in the capital city Changchun, as well as Songyuan and Baicheng.
强降雨和大风迫使吉林省长春市、松原市以及白城市的中小学及幼儿园关闭一至两天。

The Changchun Longjia International Airport has been closed, with a total of 126 flights canceled and 17 flights delayed as of 3 pm. Train services at three major railway stations in Changchun have also been partially closed.
长春龙嘉国际机场关闭，截至11月19日下午3点，126个航班取消，17个航班延误。长春市三个主要火车站也部分关闭。

Police in Liaoning province have imposed traffic restrictions on expressways due to the snow, while some highways have been closed.
受降雪影响，辽宁省警方对高速公路采取限行措施，部分道路关闭。

The National Meteorological Center said snow will continue to lower temperatures by 8 to 10 degrees, but will taper off from Friday through Sunday. The snow system will move toward Northwest and North China, including the Xinjiang Uygur and Ningxia Hui autonomous regions, Beijing and Gansu province. Heavy rainfall is expected in some areas.
中央气象台表示，降雪将导致气温下降8到10度，不过从11月20日至22日，降雪将逐渐减少，并转移至西北、华北的新疆、宁夏、甘肃以及北京等地。部分地区将出现强降雨。

【单词讲解】

这里的taper off是一个固定搭配的短语，表示“逐渐减少、变小”等意思，比如：Her voice tapered off as she realized everyone was listening.（当她意识到大家都在听时，她的声音就越来越小了）。Taper作为动词，本身也表示“逐渐变小、变细、变窄”等意思，比如：The cave tapered to a narrow passageway.（那个洞穴慢慢变成了一条窄窄的通道）。

 

嫦娥五号 Chang'e-5

11月24日4时30分，我国在中国文昌航天发射场，用长征五号遥五运载火箭成功发射探月工程嫦娥五号探测器。

 

Chang'e-5, comprising an orbiter,a returner, a lander, and an ascender, with a total takeoff mass of 8.2 tonnes, is expected to accomplish unmanned rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.
“嫦娥五号”探测器起飞重量8.2吨，包括轨道器、返回器、着陆器、上升器四个部分，将在月球轨道实施无人交会对接。

【知识点】

“嫦娥五号”的英文是Chang'e-5，而我国首个载人飞船“神舟五号”的英文是Shenzhou V。这是因为，在英文报道中，无人航空飞行器、卫星、火箭等（unmanned space vessels, satellites, rockets）的编号一般用阿拉伯数字，而载人飞行器（manned spacecraft）的编号一般用罗马数字。

 

飞天后要进行一系列复杂操作

After it enters the lunar orbit, the lander-ascender combination will separate from the orbiter-returner combination.
嫦娥五号进入月球轨道后，着陆器和上升器组合体将与轨道器和返回器组合体分离。

While the orbiter-returner orbits about 200 km above the lunar surface, the lander-ascender will touch down on the northwest region of Oceanus Procellarum, also known as the Ocean of Storms, on the near side of the moon in early December.
着陆器和上升器组合体在距离月球表面200公里处留轨运行，着陆器承载上升器计划12月初在月球西北面的“风暴洋”区域登陆。

About 2 kg of samples are expected to be collected and sealed in a container in the spacecraft.
嫦娥五号将在月球收集2公斤样本，并进行密封封装。

Then the ascender will take off with the sample, and dock with the orbiter-returner in orbit. After the samples are transferred to the returner, the ascender will separate from the orbiter-returner.
之后，上升器带着采集的月球样品起飞上升，与轨返组合体对接。样本转送至返回器后，上升器会与轨返组合体分离。

The combination of orbiter and returner will then depart the lunar orbit and return to Earth's orbit, where the pair will break up and the returner will conduct a host of complicated maneuvers to return to a preset landing site in North China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region in mid-December.
接下来，轨返组合体将离开月球轨道，返回地球轨道，并在那里实施分离，返回器将进行一系列复杂的操控，于12月中旬在内蒙古自治域的预定地点着陆。

The entire mission is scheduled to last about 23 days, according to the China National Space Administration.
国家航天局表示，整个任务预计持续约23天。

嫦娥五号与以往的中国探月任务有什么不同？

中国探月工程是我国启动的第一个探月工程，于2004年1月23日正式启动，分为绕、落、回三部曲。

1、“绕（orbiting）”就是发射月球卫星，嫦娥一号和嫦娥二号已经实现。

2、“落（landing）”就是在月球表面软着陆，嫦娥三号已实现在月球的正面软着陆，“嫦娥四号”也已实现在月球背面软着陆，并在月球背面开展科学探测工作，在全球尚属首次。

3、“回（sample returning）”就是从月球表面采样返回地球，就是本次嫦娥五号执行的任务，计划把2千克的月壤样品带回地球。

嫦娥五号任务的科学目标主要是开展着陆点区域形貌探测和地质背景勘察（investigate the landing site's geological and topographic features），获取与月球样品相关的现场分析数据，建立现场探测数据与实验室分析数据之间的联系；对月球样品进行系统、长期的实验室研究，分析月壤结构、物理特性、物质组成（enable scientists to analyze the lunar samples' structure and physical traits），深化月球成因和演化历史的研究（deepen their research into the moon's origin and evolution）。

 

贫困县全部脱贫 all impoverished counties removed from the poverty list

China has achieved the feat of removing all 832 counties from the country's poverty list. The last nine impoverished counties, all in southwest China's Guizhou province, have eliminated absolute poverty, the provincial government announced on Nov 23. An assessment conducted by third-party agencies earlier this month showed that the overall incidence of poverty in the nine counties in Guizhou had been reduced to zero percent, and the satisfaction rate among locals was over 99 percent.
11月23日，贵州省宣布剩余的9个贫困县消除绝对贫困。至此，我国832个贫困县全部脱贫。第三方机构本月初进行的评估显示，贵州省这9个县的贫困发生率已降为0，群众认可度超过99%。

 

数字鸿沟 digital divide

11月24日，国务院办公厅公布《关于切实解决老年人运用智能技术困难的实施方案》，针对老年人运用智能技术遇到的种种“痛点”“难点”，提出解决方案。

The plan sets objectives for work in the 2020-2022 period focusing on seven types of services and scenarios most frequently used by or facing the elderly, such as day-to-day traveling, medical treatment, recreational activities, and civic services.
方案聚焦老年人日常生活涉及的出行、就医、文娱、办事等7类高频事项和服务场景，提出了2020至2022年期间的工作目标。

 

By the end of 2022, the level and convenience of smart services for the elderly will be significantly improved, online and offline services will be better coordinated, and long-term mechanisms bridging the digital divide will be established, according to the plan.
方案提出，到2022年底前，老年人享受智能化服务水平显著提升、便捷性不断提高，线上线下服务更加高效协同，解决老年人面临的“数字鸿沟”问题的长效机制基本建立。

【单词讲解】

这里的digital divide就是我们所说的“数字鸿沟”或“信息鸿沟”，也可以用digital gap来表示，指在全球数字化进程（global digitalization）中，不同国家、地区、行业、企业、社区之间，由于对信息、网络技术的拥有程度、应用程度以及创新能力的差别而造成的信息落差及贫富进一步两极分化的趋势。

快速发展的信息技术，让更多人享受便利的同时，却在老年人面前划出一道无形的“鸿沟”。无健康码出行不便，网上挂号、网上就医、网上购物“障碍”重重。

针对这些问题，方案均提出了应对方式。

Improvements will include securing elderly services in emergencies, including optimizing the health screening procedure that requires health codes produced with mobile applications before entering public places, and offering basic services to senior citizens staying at home.
做好突发事件应急响应状态下对老年人的服务保障，包括完善“健康码”管理便利老年人通行、保障居家老年人基本服务需要。

The plan urged efforts to help the elderly make medical treatment appointments by providing diversified channels and improving the way online appointments are made.
便利老年人日常就医，包括提供多渠道挂号等就诊服务、优化老年人网上办理就医服务。

It also underscored the importance of retaining traditional financial service modes while making online consumption more convenient for this group.
保留传统金融服务方式、提升网络消费便利化水平。

To improve the competence of the elderly in terms of technology, measures will be taken to increase the supply of senior-friendly products, redesign internet applications, and enhance technology training for them.
便利老年人使用智能化产品和服务应用，包括扩大适老化智能终端产品供给、推进互联网应用适老化改造、开展老年人智能技术教育。

【单词讲解】

这里的-friendly作为后缀，通常用在名词后面，表示“对...友好的”，比如：user-friendly interface（用户友好的界面）、environment-friendly（对环境友好的/环保的）。

方案提出，到2020年底前，集中力量推动各项传统服务兜底保障到位，抓紧出台实施一批解决老年人运用智能技术最迫切问题的有效措施（introduce a string of measures effectively addressing the most pressing problems of the elderly in using smart technologies），切实满足老年人基本生活需要。

 

打赏实名制 real-name management for livestreaming reward

国家广播电视总局近日发布《关于加强网络秀场直播和电商直播管理的通知》。

 

Livestreaming shows and hosts should be clearly classified, based on their content, as music, dance, singing, fitness or games, among other categories, according to the circular.
通知明确，网络秀场直播平台要对节目内容和对应主播实行标签分类管理，按“音乐”“舞蹈”“唱歌”“健身”“游戏”等进行分类标注。

【单词讲解】

Livestreaming是live（读作 /laɪv/）和streaming两个词的合成形式，这里的live是形容词，表示“现场的”，比如我们看春节晚会的时候，主持人就会说，这里是春晚直播现场，We are here at the live broadcast of the Spring Festival Gala；streaming最初被翻译成“流媒体”，其实就是在网络上播放音频或者视频文件，比如在线平台网飞（Netflix）就是一个TV and movie streaming platform（影视剧在线播放平台），而stream用作动词的时候，也可以用来表达“在线播放”，比如：Millions of videos are streamed every day on Youtube.（油管上每天播放的视频有数百万个）。那么把live和streaming结合在一起，就是在线播放现场的音频或视频，简而言之就是“直播”。

 

“打赏”用户实行实名制管理

According to the circular, online show and livestreaming platforms should implement real-name management for their hosts and users keen on rewarding hosts. In addition, underage users and those who don't register with their real names should not be allowed to reward hosts.
网络秀场直播平台要对网络主播和“打赏”用户实行实名制管理。未实名制注册的用户不能打赏，未成年用户不能打赏。

【单词讲解】

在关于“打赏”的英文报道中，我们经常看到的表述是tip和reward。Tip的用法很多，之所以会被用来表示“打赏”，是因为tip用作动词和名词的时候，有一个意思是“(pay) a small amount of money to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use”（在正常支付账单之外，给为你提供服务的人员支付的一小笔额外费用，供其个人使用），即“（付）小费”，比如：He gave the porter a tip/He tipped the porter（他给行李员付了小费）。而reward通常指“something (as money) given or offered in return for a service, good behavior, excellent work, etc.”（对接受的服务、良好的表现或者出色的工作等行为做出的奖赏、回报），也可以直接用作动词来表示“奖赏（某人）”，比如：The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents（公司用一个盛大的派对和很多礼物回馈他多年的工作付出）；Salespeople who are willing to work longer hours will receive significant rewards（主动加班的销售员会拿到丰厚的回报）。

在看直播的过程中，用户打赏行为多是因为主播的表现好、内容吸引人等因素，而不是主播为用户提供了什么具体的服务，因此，个人以为这里的“打赏”用reward更合适。

 

The platforms should also put a cap on rewards given to hosts.
平台应对最高打赏金额进行限制。

When a user's daily or monthly amount of reward reaches half the limit, the platform should send an alert. Users will be allowed to reward hosts after they confirm through a short messaging service, the circular said.The reward feature will be suspended for users whose daily or monthly limit is reached, it added.
在用户每日或每月累计“打赏”达到限额一半时，平台应有消费提醒，经短信验证等方式确认后，才能进行下一步消费，达到“打赏”每日或每月限额，应暂停相关用户的“打赏”功能。

It stated that the platforms should set a delayed arrival period for the reward, and if a host commits an illegal act, the platform should return the reward to the users.
平台应对“打赏”设置延时到账期，如主播出现违法行为，平台应将“打赏”返还用户。

 

失信约束制度 the mechanism for deterring acts of bad faith

日前召开的国务院常务会议，确定完善失信约束制度（the mechanism for deterring acts of bad faith）、健全社会信用体系（the social credit system）的措施，为发展社会主义市场经济提供支撑。

 

会议明确了六方面措施：

 

Administrative departments must determine acts of bad faith on the basis of legally binding documents.
行政机关将特定行为纳入公共信用信息，必须严格以法律、法规等为依据。

The scope and procedures for sharing credit information will be standardized. The principle of legality and necessity will be observed when deciding whether and to what extent credit information is shared and disclosed.
规范信用信息共享公开范围和程序。信用信息是否及在何种范围共享和公开要坚持合法、必要原则。

【单词讲解】

Credit这个词用法很多，在学校里多用来表示“学分”，比如：He enrolled in a documentary course worth 20 credits（他修了一门纪录片的课程，有20个学分）；此外，credit还可以用来表示银行账户的“余额”或“信用、信誉”，比如：Jacob found out his bank account was out of credit.（Jacob 银行卡里没有余额了），银行通常在给人贷款之前会进行 “credit check 信用审查”，并给申请者一个 “信用评分 credit score 或 credit rating”；另外，credit还有一个常用意思就是 “赞扬、认可、功劳、荣誉”，比如：You should take all the credits for this accomplishment（这个成就应该完全归功于你）。

 

The identification of lists of entities that have carried out serious acts of bad faith will be better regulated. The list will be limited to those who put public health and safety in grave jeopardy, seriously sabotage fair market competition order or disrupt normal social order. The list will not be willfully expanded without authorization.
规范严重失信主体名单认定标准，按照有关规定严格限定为严重危害群众身体健康和生命安全、严重破坏市场公平竞争秩序和社会正常秩序等方面的责任主体，不得擅自增加或扩展。具体认定要严格履行程序。

Punishment against bad-faith acts will be enforced in accordance with laws and regulations, to make sure that penalties are meted out commensurate with dishonest behaviors.
依法依规开展失信惩戒，确保过惩相当。

【单词讲解】

这里的commensurate是形容词，表示“（在大小、重要性、质量等方面）相称的”，通常与with连用，比如：a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience（与技能经验相匹配的薪水）。

A credit repair mechanism will be established. Entities will be allowed to fix negative credit records, unless otherwise stipulated by laws and regulations, should they correct dishonest behaviors and eliminate their adverse impact.
建立有利于自我纠错的信用修复机制。除法律法规等另有规定外，失信主体按要求纠正失信行为、消除不良影响的均可申请信用修复。

The meeting underlined the need to strengthen information security and privacy protection. Illegal collection and transaction of credit information will be strictly cracked down on.
加强信息安全和隐私保护。严厉打击非法收集、买卖信用信息违法行为。

 

（中国日报网英语点津 Helen）