2021年8月新闻热词汇总

亚洲象群 Asian elephants

8月8日20时许，云南北移亚洲象群14头大象已跨过元江，平安回归适宜栖息地。

 

A herd of wild Asian elephants that has wandered Southwest China's Yunnan province for more than 17 months appears to be heading home to its traditional habitat in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.
在云南游荡了17个多月以后，亚洲象群正在回归原栖息地——西双版纳国家自然保护区的路上。

【知识点】

亚洲象（Asian elephants）为我国一级重点保护野生动物（wild animals under first-class national protection），在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录（ the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species）中被列为“濒危物种”（endangered species），主要分布在云南普洱、西双版纳、临沧3个州市，是亚洲现存最大和最具代表性的陆生脊椎动物（terrestrial vertebrate），也是维持森林生态系统的“工程师”。

 

云南省林业和草原局党组书记、局长万勇介绍：

The elephants were on Monday approximately 26 kilometers from Mojiang county, Pu'er city, one of their major habitats in Yunnan along with Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture.
8月9日，象群距离普洱市墨江县辖区约26公里，该县是除西双版纳傣族自治州以外，亚洲象在云南的另一个主要栖息地。

后续，现场指挥部将继续科学引导，全力保障象群安全，帮助其尽快回归原栖息地。

象群离家17月，迁移500多公里

The herd of 14 elephants, ranging in age and size, has traveled more than 500 km.
这14头亚洲象，年龄、体型各异，已经迁移了500多公里。

Sixteen elephants departed Xishuangbanna, but three of them dropped out of the trek and two calves were born en route. In July, a bull elephant that had broken away from the herd was sedated and returned to the nature reserve.
最初离开西双版纳时有16头象，途中有三头掉队，另有两只幼崽出生。今年7月，一头雄象离队，被麻醉后带回自然保护区。

Heading north, the herd passed through Pu'er, Honghe and Yuxi. In June, they reached the outskirts of Kunming, the provincial capital.
象群在北移途中经过了普洱、红河和玉溪等地。今年6月，它们抵达云南省省会昆明市郊外。

Local authorities deployed trucks, workers and drones to monitor the elephants 24 hours a day, evacuated roads for them to pass safely and lured them away from populated areas with food.
当地政府派出卡车、工作人员以及无人机24小时监测象群，为它们安全通过清空道路，用食物将它们从人口密集地区引开。

Nearly 180 metric tons of food, including pineapples and corn, has been fed to the herd, Wan said. Even as they encroached on communities, none of the elephants or people were injured.
途中投放菠萝、玉米等食物近180吨，在象群侵扰居民区期间，未造成人、象受伤。

【词汇讲解】

这里的encroach指“gradual or stealthy entrance upon another's territory”（慢慢地或偷偷地进入他人的领地），常用的搭配encroach on/upon something则表示“一步步占用，占据（时间、权利、土地等）”，比如：I resent it that my job is starting to encroach on my family life（我憎恶的是，我的工作开始越来越多地占用了我的家庭生活时间），They have promised that the development will not encroach on public land（他们承诺这个开发项目不会占用公共用地）。

在科学研究方面，北移亚洲象群为动物学家提供了近距离观测亚洲象栖息活动的机会。

北移亚洲象群专家组成员、国家林业和草原局亚洲象研究中心主任陈飞表示：

They can identify the direction of food and water resources very precisely. And they also showed great performances in solidarity and group decision-making. Their division of work is impressive, too.
它们能精确识别食物和水源的方向，表现出了强大的团结和团队决策能力。象群内的分工也很明确。

未来还有可能北移

北移亚洲象群处置专家组成员、云南西双版纳国家级自然保护区管护局高级工程师沈庆仲表示：

It's likely that the elephants will head north again.
象群可能会再度北移。

Historically, Asian elephants used to live in many parts of the country. Migration is in their nature. It helps the species expand its territory and have more chances to improve their gene pool by mating with different groups.
亚洲象曾经遍布全国多地，对它们而言，迁移是一种正常行为。迁移有助于野象寻找新的栖息地和开展种群间的基因交流。

 

加快推进亚洲象国家公园创建

The forestry department and the provincial government plan to develop a national park, which aims to provide habitat protection for the elephants and a balanced relationship with residents.
国家林草局和云南省政府计划开发一处国家公园，为亚洲象群提供栖息地保护，同时促进人象和谐共存。

 

藏羚羊 Tibetan antelope

国家林草局最新发布，近年来随着我国生态保护和打击盗猎力度的加强，我国藏羚羊数量不断增加。

 

The number of Tibetan antelopes in China has quadrupled in the past decades, reaching about 300,000 from fewer than 70,000 in the 1980s and 1990s, according to the country's National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
国家林草局表示，我国藏羚羊数量已从二十世纪八九十年代的不足7万只，增加至目前的约30万只，几十年间增长了近三倍。

【词汇讲解】

在英文报道中，double、triple、quadruple 这三个词常用来表达不同的倍数，均可以做名词、动词、形容词和副词，用法很灵活。Double 表示“两倍、双份”或“使（什么）增加一倍”，比如：The editor thinks they can double the magazine circulation by the end of the year.主编觉得他们能在年底把杂志发行量增加一倍。另外，单词 double 在影视领域还指“替身演员”，比如，He worked as a double for Daniel Craig in the film.他在这部影片中担任丹尼尔·克雷格的替身。

Triple表示“三倍，增加两倍”，比如，My rent tripled last month.上个月，我的房租涨了两倍。

Quadruple这个词表示“四倍，四部分，增加三倍”的意思，词性和用法与前面的 double 和 triple 相似。需要注意的是，“增加三倍”其实也就是中文中常说的“翻两番”，所以这两种说法都可以用 quadruple 来表示，比如：Our exports to the US have quadrupled in the past three years.过去三年间，我们对美国的出口额增加了三倍（也就是翻了两番）。

 

藏羚羊是青藏高原的基础物种

Tibetan antelopes are mostly found in the plateau region of Northwest China, including the Tibet autonomous region, Qinghai province and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. The species is under first-class state protection in China.
藏羚羊主要分布在西藏自治区、青海省和新疆维吾尔自治区等西北高原地区，是国家一级保护动物。

The Sanjiangyuan National Park in Qinghai is a major biodiversity cluster sheltering a considerable number of Tibetan antelopes as well as many other wild animals.
青海省三江源国家公园是高原生物多样性最集中的地区，是大量藏羚羊及其他野生动物的栖息地。

据三江源国家公园可可西里管理处卓乃湖保护站站长秋培扎西介绍，藏羚羊在青藏高原以及可可西里地区，是非常关键的物种，作为生物链当中的基础物种（foundation species ），它支撑着一个完整的生物链系统。

 

Thriving amid an ever-expanding herd in Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet, the Tibetan antelope has been regraded from "Endangered" to "Near Threatened" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
随着藏羚羊种群在青海、新疆、西藏等地不断发展壮大，藏羚羊在世界自然保护联盟红色名录上的级别也从“濒危”物种降级为“近危”物种。

【知识点】

世界自然保护联盟红色名录（International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List）按照不同物种面临的灭绝风险由重到轻分为：

Extinct or Extinct in the Wild
已灭绝或野外已灭绝；

Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable: species threatened with global extinction.
极度濒危、濒危以及易危物种：物种面临全球范围的灭绝威胁；

Near Threatened: species close to the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened without ongoing conservation measures.
近危物种：物种生存状态临近灭绝威胁指标，或者如果不维持当前的保护措施，物种就会面临灭绝威胁；

Least Concern: species evaluated with a lower risk of extinction.
无危物种：被评估为面临较小灭绝威胁的物种；

Data Deficient: no assessment because of insufficient data.
数据不足：数据不足无法做出评估的物种。

 

气候变化报告 climate change report

联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会近日发布报告称，未来几十年里全球所有地区都将面临气候变化加剧的考验。

 

The world's leading scientists have projected that in the coming decades, there would be increasing heat waves, longer warm seasons and shorter cold seasons.
全球顶级科学家预测，在未来几十年里，暖季将变得更长，冷季将更短，同时极端高温等极端天气将变得更加频繁。

According to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report , climate change is also intensifying the water cycle, bringing more intense rainfall and associated flooding, as well as more intense drought in many regions.
联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会发布的这份报告表示，气候变化将加速水循环，在带来更多强降雨、洪涝灾害的同时也会导致许多地区更加严重的干旱。

【知识点】

政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，IPCC）于1988年由世界气象组织（World Meteorological Organization）和联合国环境署（United Nations Environment Programme）联合创建，旨在提供有关气候变化的科学技术和社会经济认知状况、气候变化原因（the drivers of climate change）、潜在影响（ its impacts and future risks）和应对策略（how adaptation and mitigation can reduce those risks）的综合评估。

目前IPCC正处于第六次评估周期（the Sixth Assessment cycle），此次发布的报告是IPCC第一工作小组的评估报告，由来自60多个国家的200多名科学家撰写，其中引用的相关独立研究超过1.4万个。报告全面评估了2013年第五次评估报告发布以来世界气候变化科学研究方面取得的重要进展。

报告明确指出：

Human activity was “unequivocally” the cause of rapid changes to the climate, including sea level rises, melting polar ice and glaciers, heat waves, floods and droughts.
毫无疑问，人类活动是海平面上升、极地冰川融化、高温、洪水以及旱灾等气候快速变化事件的原因。

Many of the changes observed in the climate are unprecedented in thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years, and some changes already set in motion -- such as continued sea level rise -- are irreversible over hundreds to thousands of years.
我们观察到的很多气候变化是几千年或者几十万年来前所未有的，而海平面不断上升这样已经发生的变化不可逆转，在未来几百年到几千年间都将持续发生。

Sea levels are expected to rise 2 to 3 meters by 2300 even if warming is kept below 2 degrees, but could reach 5 to 7 meters or higher if warming continues unabated.
就算全球升温控制在2摄氏度之内，到2300年，海平面仍然会上升2到3米，而如果全球变暖的趋势没有缓解，则海平面到时可能会上升5到7米。

【知识点】

《巴黎协定（Paris Agreement）》确立了2020年后国际社会合作应对气候变化的基本框架，提出把全球平均气温较工业化前水平升高幅度控制在2摄氏度之内（hold the global average temperature increase to well below 2 degrees C），并为把升温控制在1.5摄氏度之内而努力（pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees C）。

The authors believe that 1.5C will be reached by 2040 in all scenarios. If emissions aren't slashed in the next few years, this will happen even earlier.
报告作者认为，无论情况如何发展，到2040年，全球升温将达到1.5摄氏度。如果未来几年不大力减排，这一天会来得更早。

全球升温1.5摄氏度会怎么样？

报告举了个例子：

Extreme heat waves expected once every 50 years without any global heating are already happening every decade. With 1.5C warming, these will happen about every 5 years; with 2C, every 3.5 years; and with 4C, once every 15 months. More heating also means more disruptions to the monsoon rains on which billions depend for food.
没有全球升温影响的情况下，原本每50年发生一次的极端高温天气现在每10年就有一次。升温1.5摄氏度以后，这样的极端天气大约每5年会出现一次；升温2摄氏度时，每3.5年出现一次；升温4摄氏度时，每15个月出现一次。高温天气增多同时意味着对雨季的影响增多，而全球几十亿人的食物也会受到影响。

我们该怎么做？

The scientists are hopeful that if we can cut global emissions in half by 2030 and reach net zero by the middle of this century, we can halt and possibly reverse the rise in temperatures.
科学家们认为，如果我们在2030年之前将全球碳排放减半，并在本世纪中叶达到净零排放，就有可能止住甚至扭转升温的步伐。

 

联合国秘书长古特雷斯表示：

[This report] is a code red for humanity. The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable: greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning and deforestation are choking our planet and putting billions of people at immediate risk.
（这份）报告是对人类发出的红色警报。这个警报声振聋发聩，报告中列出的证据无可辩驳：石油燃烧排放的温室气体和森林砍伐让地球窒息，置十几亿人于迫近的危险之中。

All nations, especially the G20 and other major emitters, need to join the net zero emissions coalition and reinforce their commitments with credible, concrete and enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions and policies before COP26 in Glasgow.
所有国家，尤其是二十国集团成员国以及其他主要排放大国，要加入净零排放的联合行动中，在格拉斯哥第26届联合国气候变化大会之前拿出可靠的、具体的、进一步完善的国家自主贡献目标承诺和政策。

【知识点】

国家自主贡献（nationally determined contributions）指根据《联合国气候变化框架公约（the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change）》缔约方会议相关决定，提出的各国应对气候变化的强化行动和措施（enhanced actions and measures on climate change）。

 

There must be no new coal plants built after 2021. OECD countries must phase out existing coal by 2030, with all others following suit by 2040. Countries should also end all new fossil fuel exploration and production, and shift fossil fuel subsidies into renewable energy. By 2030, solar and wind capacity should quadruple and renewable energy investments should triple to maintain a net zero trajectory by mid-century.
2021年后不得再新建煤炭工厂。经济合作与发展组织成员国必须在2030年之前停止使用煤炭，其他国家2040年之前达到这一目标。各国还应该停止所有新的石油勘探和生产项目，将原有的石油行业补贴用于可再生能源。到2030年，太阳能和风能的产能应达到现在的四倍，可再生能源投资应该达到目前的三倍，才能在本世纪中叶走上净零排放的轨道。

 

警戒水位 warning level

国家防总副总指挥、水利部部长李国英8月12日主持召开防汛会商会，指出黑龙江、嫩江、松花江洪水当前仍在演进中，部分河段超警或超保，将会持续至9月。

Water levels are likely to exceed the warning levels in some sections of the Yellow River, Yangtze River and Haihe River in mid-to-late August, with typhoons triggering regional downpours and floods.
预计8月中下旬，黄河、海河、长江部分河段可能发生超警洪水，台风降雨可能引发区域性暴雨洪水。

【知识点】

最近有关洪水的报道中，我们经常能看到“超警”、“超保”、“超限”等表述，其中的“警”代表“警戒水位”，“保”代表“保证水位”，“限”代表“汛限水位”。

警戒水位（warning level）是指河流、湖泊随着水位逐步升高，堤防可能发生险情并需要加强防守的水位（the water level where dykes need consolidation）。到达这一水位，要进行防汛动员，加大人力、物力投入，实行昼夜巡堤查险。

保证水位（flood-stage level），又称最高水位或危险水位，是指堤防设计水位或历史上防御过的最高洪水位（the highest floodwater level a dyke has ever withstood），也是汛期堤防及其附属工程能保证安全运行的上限洪水位。接近或到达这一水位，防汛进入全面紧急状态，堤防临水时间已长，堤身土体可能达到饱和状态，随时都有出险的可能。这时要密切巡查，全力以赴，确保堤防安全。

汛限水位（the upper limit of reservoir water level）是指汛期水库允许蓄水的上限水位，也是水库汛期防洪调度运用时的起调水位。

近期我国西南、长江中下游等地局部暴雨洪水频发。

Heavy rainfall has hit most parts of the province since Aug 8. As of 3:00 pm Thursday, 68 counties in Hubei had each seen rainfall measuring more than 100 mm, according to the provincial emergency management department.
8月8日以来，湖北多地出现强降雨。湖北省应急管理局表示，截至8月12日15点，湖北有68个县降雨量均超过100毫米。

Twenty-one people were killed and four others missing as heavy rain lashed Liulin township of Suixian county in central China's Hubei province from Wednesday to Thursday, local authorities said Friday. Over 8,000 people have been affected in the township, according to the announcement.
当地政府8月13日通报，8月11日至12日，湖北省随县柳林镇发生极端强降雨天气，已造成柳林镇8000余人受灾，21人死亡、4人失联。

The flood control and drought relief headquarters of Hubei province activated Level III emergency response for flood control on Thursday.
8月12日，湖北省防汛抗旱指挥部启动防汛Ⅲ级应急响应。

8月12日，水利部增派了4个工作组赴湖北、安徽、江西3省指导暴雨洪水防范应对工作。目前，水利部仍维持水旱灾害防御Ⅳ级应急响应（level-IV emergency response to floods and droughts），共有7个工作组在防汛一线指导。

 

抵制张哲瀚 boycott of Zhang Zhehan

演员张哲瀚由于在日本参观靖国神社等不当行为，引发社会各界强烈批评。

The Sina Weibo micro-blogging platform closed the actor's personal and studio accounts on Sunday.
8月15日，新浪微博关闭了张哲瀚的个人及工作室账号。

 

微博社区公告表示，

"As a public figure who has a large number of fans and draws a great deal of attention online, it is the most basic professional quality to have a correct view of history and values," it said in a notice.
作为网上拥有大量粉丝和关注的公众人物，树立正确的历史观和价值观是最基本的职业素养。

 

中国演出行业协会（the China Association of Performing Arts）发布公告，要求会员单位对演员张哲瀚进行从业抵制（call for a boycott of Zhang Zhehan）。

公告指出，

Yasukuni is a spiritual tool and symbol of Japanese militarism and also the place where Japanese right-wing forces "deny history and beautify the war of aggression".
靖国神社是日本军国主义发动对外侵略战争的精神工具和象征，是日本国内右翼势力否定历史、美化侵略战争的场所。

"For artists engaged in cultural work, a correct view of history is a basic professional quality, and ignorance is not an excuse," it said.
对从事文化工作的演艺人员而言，树立正确的历史观，是一项基本的职业素养，无知不是借口。

"Zhang's behavior was seriously inappropriate, and it not only hurt the nation's feelings, but also served as a bad influence on young fans," the association said. The association said members were required to boycott Zhang according to relevant regulations. It called on performers to study more, improve their understanding and never waver on national dignity.
中国演出行业协会道德自律委员会经评议认为，演员张哲瀚的行为存在严重不当，不仅伤害民族感情，而且对其受众中的青少年群体带来恶劣的不良影响。因此，中国演出行业协会根据《演出行业演艺人员从业自律管理办法》的规定，要求会员单位对其进行从业抵制。在此同时郑重提醒广大演艺从业人员，务必加强学习，提高认识，在民族大义面前决不能有丝毫的含糊、动摇。

"History must not be forgotten, and the bottom line must not be loosened. Whoever crosses the line will be punished," it said.
历史不容忘却，底线不容松动。过线者，必受惩戒。

此前，张哲瀚被曝于2019年曾前往日本乃木神社（the Nogi Shrine）参加朋友婚礼，早前还发布过在靖国神社（the Yasukuni Shrine）的合影照片，引发网友质疑和愤怒。

张哲瀚代言的多家品牌相继宣布结束与其的商务合作关系。

More than 25 companies have announced the termination of partnerships with Zhang, including food brand Hsu Fu Chi, drink brand Wahaha, beverage maker Coca-Cola, Danish jewelry brand Pandora and the Chinese branch of Japanese food manufacturer Ezaki Glico.
超过25家公司宣布已结束与张哲瀚的合作关系，其中包括徐福记、娃哈哈、可口可乐、丹麦珠宝品牌潘多拉以及日本食品制造商江崎格力高中国分公司等。

 

中方敦促日方切实信守正视反省侵略历史的表态和承诺

8月15日，日本首相菅义伟向靖国神社供奉了香火钱（send a monetary offering）。前首相安倍晋三、几个内阁成员和一些国会议员当天或几天前分别参拜了靖国神社。

对此，外交部发言人华春莹表示：

Today marks the 76th anniversary of Japan's defeat and unconditional surrender. Seventy-six years ago, the Chinese people, together with the people of the rest of the world, defeated the Japanese militarist aggressors and fascism and won the great victory of justice over evil, light over darkness and progress over reaction. This historic moment deserves to be remembered forever by the international community.
今天是日本战败并宣布无条件投降76周年纪念日。76年前，中国人民同世界人民一道，打败了日本军国主义侵略者和法西斯主义，取得了正义战胜邪恶、光明战胜黑暗、进步战胜反动的伟大胜利。这一历史性时刻值得国际社会永远铭记！

The Yasukuni Shrine, where 14 World War II Class-A war criminals with heinous crimes are honored, is a spiritual tool and symbol of the Japanese militarism’s war of aggression. What some Japanese political figures have done on the issue of the Yasukuni Shrine affronts historical justice and seriously hurts the feelings of people in the victimized Asian countries, including China. It again reflects Japan’s wrong attitude towards its own history of aggression.
靖国神社是日本军国主义发动对外侵略战争的精神工具和象征，供奉有罪行滔天的14名二战甲级战犯。日本一些政要在靖国神社问题上的所作所为，是对历史正义的亵渎，也是对包括中国在内亚洲受害国人民感情的严重伤害，再次反映出日方对待自身侵略历史的错误态度。

 

The Chinese side has lodged solemn representations with the Japanese side through diplomatic channels in both Beijing and Tokyo to register strong dissatisfaction and firm opposition. We urge the Japanese side to earnestly honor its statement and commitment of facing up to and reflecting on its history of aggression, tread carefully on historical issues such as the Yasukuni Shrine, make a clean break with militarism, and win the trust of its Asian neighbors and the international community through concrete actions.
中方已通过外交渠道在北京和东京向日方严正交涉，表达强烈不满和坚决反对。中方敦促日方切实信守正视反省侵略历史的表态和承诺，在靖国神社等历史问题上谨言慎行，彻底同军国主义切割，以实际行动取信于亚洲邻国和国际社会。

 

复兴号动车 Fuxing bullet train

8月15日7时50分，牡佳高铁联调联试现场首组CR400BF-G型复兴号高寒动车组从牡丹江站缓缓驶出，这是复兴号高寒动车组首次参与

（high-speed railway linking Mudanjiang and Jiamusi）联调联试。

 

It was the first time a Fuxing bullet train has run on China's easternmost high-speed line, which is located in an extremely cold region.
这是复兴号高寒动车组首次在中国最东端高寒高铁线路试跑。

据介绍，CR400BF-G型复兴号高寒动车组系在复兴号动车组“金凤凰”的基础上进行了高寒适应性技术提升。

The CR400BF-G Fuxing bullet trains are designed to withstand the climate in extremely cold areas that may be hit by blizzards and temperatures as low as -40 C. Designers chose materials with better airtightness for the equipment compartment, which can keep out the snow and cold air.
CR400BF-G型复兴号高寒动车组具有耐高寒、抗风雪等特点，能够在-40℃的天气下运行。设计人员为设备间选择了密封性更好的材料，达到防雪、低温防冻的目的。

Designers also installed sanding gear in the train, which may help increase traction and prevent the wheels slipping in snowy weather.
同时，设计人员还在动车组上安装了撒砂装置，能够在降雪天气增加阻力，防止车轮打滑。

牡佳高铁位于黑龙江省东部地区，沿线经过牡丹江市、鸡西市、七台河市、双鸭山市、佳木斯市等地。

Construction of the Mudanjiang-Jiamusi high-speed railway started in November 2016. The 371-kilometer line, designed for trains running at up to 250 kilometers per hour, will cut travel time between Mudanjiang and Jiamusi from seven to two hours.
牡佳高铁于2016年11月开工，全长371公里，设计时速250公里。通车后，牡丹江到佳木斯的通行时间将从7小时缩短为2小时。

铁路部门介绍，

Since June 10, different types of bullet trains have been put into use in test runs to ensure the line can operate safely, the group said.
自6月10日以来，已有不同型号的动车组在该线路试运行，以确保线路安全运营。

The dynamic detection and debugging of rail track, communication, signal, power supply, disaster monitoring and other systems has been completed and the whole system has been optimized, the group said.
轨道、通信、信号、供电、灾害监测等系统的动态检测和调试已完成，整体系统功能得到了优化。

铁路部门介绍，牡佳高铁联调联试结束后，将转入运行试验阶段（trial operation），为后续全线开通运营奠定基础。

 

大数据杀熟 big data-enabled price discrimination against existing customers

8月17日，市场监管总局发布《禁止网络不正当竞争行为规定》征求意见稿，面向社会公开征求意见。

According to a document published on the website of the State Administration for Market Regulation, business operators should not use data, algorithms or other technical information or means to influence users' choices, hijack traffic or disrupt the operations of website products and services provided by other business operators.
市场监管总局官网发布的文件提出，经营者不得利用数据、算法等技术手段，通过影响用户选择或者其他方式，实施流量劫持等行为，妨碍、破坏其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务正常运行。

Companies would also be barred from fabricating or spreading misleading information to damage the reputation of competitors and need to stop marketing practices like fake reviews and coupons or "red envelopes" - cash incentives - used to entice positive ratings.
经营者不得虚构或传播误导性信息损害竞争对手的声誉，不得采取虚构用户评价，以红包、卡券等方式诱导用户发好评等营销行为。

【词汇讲解】

这里的marketing在各类商战剧中很常见，指“activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or selling of a product or service”，即“公司为推动其产品或服务买卖而举行的各种活动”，也就是“市场营销”。最近很火的“直播带货”其实就是通过直播活动宣传产品，进行市场营销，可以用livestreaming marketing表示。

对于大数据杀熟行为，意见稿明确规定：

经营者不得利用数据、算法等技术手段，通过收集、分析对方的交易信息、浏览内容及次数、交易时使用的终端设备的品牌及价值（collection and analysis of a user's transaction information, browsing history and frequency, as well as brand and value of the mobile device used to complete the transaction）等方式，对条件相同的交易向对方不合理地提供不同的交易信息（display unfair and varied information to different users for same product or service），侵害对方的知情权、选择权、公平交易权等，扰乱市场公平交易秩序（disrupt the order of fair transactions in the market）。

交易信息包括交易历史（transaction history）、支付意愿（willingness to pay）、消费习惯（consumption habits）、个体偏好（personal preference）、支付能力（affordability）、依赖程度（dependency）、信用状况（credit history）等。

简单来说，“大数据杀熟”可以用big data-enabled price discrimination against existing customers表示。