2020年3月新闻热词汇总

3月，国内新冠肺炎疫情防控形势逐步向好，各地开始分级分批推进复工复产。世界其他国家的疫情传播态势却开始恶化，多个国家开始采取不同程度的封闭管理措施，国内为了防止境外输入病例也开始加强边境卫生检疫管理。

可重复使用的口罩 reusable face masks

当前，不少城市已经开始有序复工复产，员工出门上班需要戴口罩，自然就出现口罩不够用的担忧。

针对这一问题，目前广东、上海以及北京等地已有企业研发出了可重复使用的口罩。

Last month, companies in Guangdong province, Beijing and Shanghai reported producing a new type of face mask that uses a nanomaterial membrane, rather than the typical melt-blown fabric, to filter bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, according to local health and medical products authorities.
据当地医疗用品管理部门表示，广东省、北京市以及上海市已于2月上报称正在生产一种新型口罩，这款口罩使用的材料不是传统的熔喷无纺布，而是用纳米材料薄膜材料来过滤细菌、病毒以及其他病原菌。

The new masks are on par with N95 standards, meaning they filter particles of all sizes with at least 95 percent efficiency.
这种新口罩的产品标准与N95相当，意味着其过滤各种颗粒的有效性超过95%。

The masks are also comfortable, easy to breathe through and can be reused up to 20 times depending on the user's setting and wear time, the authorities said.
管理部门表示，新款口罩佩戴舒适、透气性好，而且根据使用者所处的环境以及佩戴时间可最多重复使用20次。

The retail price for the masks created by companies from Shanghai will be around 15 to 20 yuan each.
上海企业生产的新款口罩零售价大约在每个15到20元。

据企业自测，该口罩经受沸水、酒精、84消毒液等的反复消毒处理20次后，过滤性能（filtering efficiency）仍保持基本稳定，但企业在产品使用推荐中表示，反复消毒不要超过10次。

在口罩没有破损或者被污染的情况下，普通市民可自己随时给口罩消毒（disinfect their masks），其中一种易于操作的方式是，用70度以上热水浸泡15分钟（soak the used masks in higher-than-70-degree water for 15 minutes）或者56度以上热水浸泡30分钟，浸泡过的口罩可放在纸巾等吸水性能好的材料表面吸收水分，之后用电吹风的热风将口罩吹干。

16个新职业 16 new professions

人社部与市场监管总局、国家统计局近日联合发布了智能制造工程技术人员、工业互联网工程技术人员等16个新职业，主要集中在新兴产业和现代服务业两个领域。

The 16 new professions include intelligent manufacturing technicians, industrial internet technicians, virtual reality technicians, supply chain managers, artificial intelligence trainers, all-media operators, respiratory therapists, among others, according to the statement jointly issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other departments.
人社部与其他部门联合发布的公告显示，这16个新职业包括智能制造工程技术人员、工业互联网工程技术人员、虚拟现实工程技术人员、供应链管理师、人工智能训练师、全媒体运营师、呼吸治疗师等。

【知识点】

据了解，这是自2015年版《中华人民共和国职业分类大典（Occupational Classification System of the People’s Republic of China）》颁布以来发布的第二批新职业。

职业分类（occupational classification）指按一定的规则、标准及方法，按照职业的性质和特点，把一般特征和本质特征相同或相似的社会职业，分成并统一归纳到一定类别系统中去的过程。

我们看到表示职业的时候，经常会用occupation和profession这两个词，在很多情况下，这两个词可以互相替换使用，但在具体的含义上还是稍有区别。简单来说，occupation可以指所有的“职业”，而profession多指需要专业知识或技术的职业，比如：医生、律师等，所以，我们经常会用professional这个名词来表示“专业人士”。

人社部相关负责人表示，此批公布的新职业由人力资源社会保障部组织职业分类专家，严格按照标准和程序从大量新职业征集建议中评估论证（experts carefully and strictly chose all of the 16 new professions based on relevant standards and procedures），并通过网络媒体等向社会公示，广泛征求相关部门及社会各界意见后确定。

此次发布的其他新职业还有：连锁经营管理师（chain operations managers）、网约配送员（delivery personnel for online orders）、电气电子产品环保检测员（environmental monitors of electrical and electronic products）、健康照护师（health carers）、出生缺陷防控咨询师（birth defects prevention consultants）、康复辅助技术咨询师（assistive technology consultants for rehabilitation）、无人机装调检修工（drone operation and maintenance personnel）、铁路综合维修工（railway general maintenance personnel）和装配式建筑施工员（prefabricated building constructors）。

在线教育 online education

新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，教育部多次发文，推迟春季学期开学时间，同时要求各地学校“停课不停学”，积极开展网络教学。

Many provinces are introducing concrete measures to help poverty-stricken students attend online courses while making great efforts to fight the epidemic.
各省在大力抗击疫情的同时也出台了具体措施帮助贫困学生参与网课学习。

In Guangdong province, the Guangdong Provincial Education Foundation has purchased more than 9,000 tablet computers for junior and senior high school students to attend online courses.
在广东省，广东省教育基金会为初高中学生购买了9000多台平板电脑，方便他们上网课。

Students without mobile phones or TVs should go to village committee offices or activity rooms of the Communist Party of China to attend the courses, said the statement issued by local authorities in Henan province.
河南省管理部门表示，没有手机或电视的学生可以去当地村委会或活动室上网课。

为了进一步做好疫情防控期间宽带网络助教助学工作，工信部近日要求各地通信管理局及各基础电信企业加强网络覆盖、做好网络维护。

Local administrations and enterprises should also pledge efforts to promote the construction of networks and base stations to enhance network conditions of schools, while online education platforms should continuously optimize their online services, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) said.
工信部提出，各地通信管理局要组织基础电信企业持续加大宽带网络和基站建设力度，不断提升学校网络条件，同时督促所选用的在线教育服务提供商不断优化提升平台能力。

In the mean time, the ministry encouraged telecom operators to implement preferential measures for impoverished students to ease their pressure of internet charges.
此外，工信部鼓励基础电信企业重点面向贫困家庭学生推出优惠帮扶举措，减轻困难学生用网资费压力。

用眼疲劳 eye fatigue

受新冠肺炎疫情影响，许多职场人士居家办公，远程处理工作事务，长时间使用电脑、手机。有人甚至表示，居家办公比上班还累，因为根本没有下班的时候。

眼科专家表示，这种情况下，合理用眼显得更加重要。

A break of 10 minutes is necessary to relax the eyes after working continuously for 30 minutes to an hour, said Wei Wenbin, head of the ophthalmology department with Beijing Tongren Hospital, noting that remote working requires looking at screens for a long time, which could lead to eyestrain.
北京同仁医院眼科主任魏文斌表示，远程工作需要长时间看屏幕，由此导致眼睛疲劳，应该在连续工作30分钟到1小时后让眼睛休息10分钟。

He called for a distance of 40 cm from computer screens during work and proper background light to reduce eye fatigue.
他还建议，工作时要与电脑屏幕保持40厘米的距离，同时保证有适当的背景照明，以缓解眼睛疲劳。

【知识点】

这里的eyestrain和eye fatigue均表示“眼睛疲劳”，有时eyestrain也写作eye strain，常见的眼睛疲劳症状有：眼睛发热或发痒（burning eyes or itchy eyes）、眼睛红肿（sore or irritated eyes）容易流泪（watery eyes）、视线模糊或重影（blurred or double vision）、眼睛对光敏感（sensitivity to light），以及肩颈背痛（pain in the neck, shoulders, or back）等。

魏文斌建议，

People should ensure adequate sleep of seven to eight hours each night and exercise at home, including yoga, jogging, or sit-ups, said Wei, adding that computer keyboards should be cleaned regularly to prevent conjunctivitis caused by bacteria.
人们应该保证每晚7到8小时的睡眠，在家也要锻炼身体，比如：瑜伽、慢跑或仰卧起坐等，此外，要定期清洁电脑键盘，以防止由细菌感染导致的结膜炎。

此外，健康网站上也列出了一些小贴士。

Looking away from the computer screen up to a distance of 20 feet for 20 seconds every 20 minutes helps in reducing the stress in the eyes.
看屏幕20分钟后，抬头眺望20英尺（6米）外的远处至少20 秒钟以上有助于缓解眼部压力。

Firmly massaging the temples with your fingers in a rotary fashion for a minute while closing your eyes is often helpful in relieving the symptoms.
闭上眼睛，用手指在两边太阳穴用力揉圈按摩通常会缓解眼睛疲劳。

Repeated blinking eye exercise should be done for 10 seconds at least 5 times a day.
每天5次，每次10秒钟做频繁眨眼练习。

Changing brightness and contrast levels on your monitor and increasing text size can also be advantageous.
调整显示器的亮度和对比度以及将屏幕上显示的字体调大也会有帮助。

网上就业 online employment

日前，教育部印发《关于应对新冠肺炎疫情做好2020届全国普通高等学校毕业生就业创业工作的通知》，就进一步指导推动各地各高校积极应对新冠肺炎疫情，开展网上就业服务、拓宽就业和升学渠道、强化就业困难帮扶等工作，作出部署安排。

China expects to see a total of 8.74 million college graduates this year, data from the Ministry of Education (MOE) showed.
教育部的数据显示，今年我国将有874万高校毕业生。

The MOE launched a 24-hour online campus recruitment service to help graduates find jobs amid the COVID-19 epidemic.
为了帮助疫情期间高校毕业生就业，教育部近期推出了一个24小时在线校园招聘服务。

The free service is available on the ministry's campus recruitment portal and five leading job-hunting websites in China, which had all put in place special pages for the project, according to the ministry.
教育部表示，该服务在教育部校园招聘平台以及国内五家主要社会招聘网站免费推出，这五家招聘网站均为该服务推出了专门的页面。

通知指出，在线招聘要严格信息审核（strictly verify the job information），确保招聘单位及岗位信息真实准确。鼓励通过网络实现人岗信息精准推送、网上面试（conduct online interview）、网上签约（sign employment contract online）。

同时，《通知》还要求要拓宽毕业生就业渠道。

The country will expand recruitment in senior high schools and kindergartens where teachers are urgently needed, and encourage more graduates to find jobs or start businesses in sectors including modern agriculture and social public services.
我们将招录更多高校毕业生到急需教师的高中和幼儿园任教，引导毕业生到现代农业、社会公共服务等领域就业创业。

College graduates will also be encouraged to join the military.
引导高校毕业生参军入伍。

方舱休舱 makeshift hospitals closed

Makeshift hospitals built to treat novel coronavirus infected patients with mild symptoms in Wuhan, Hubei province, the epicenter of the outbreak, are expected to wrap up operation around March 10, China Central Television reported on Sunday.
据央视3月8日报道，新冠肺炎疫情爆发地湖北省武汉市临时改建的方舱医院有望在3月10日全部休舱。方舱医院主要用来治疗新冠肺炎轻症患者。

【知识点】

“方舱医院”是解放军野战机动医疗系统的一种（part of mobile field medical system of the PLA），在各种应急救治中也有广泛使用。“方舱医院”一般由医疗功能单元（medical treatment）、病房单元（ward）、技术保障单元（technical support）等部分构成，是一种模块化卫生装备，具有紧急救治（emergency treatment）、外科处置（surgical treatment）、临床检验（clinical tests）等多方面功能。

Since Feb 5, 14 makeshift hospitals in the city have been operating, with the longest running for 33 days, and treating more than 12,000 cases, it said.
报道指出，自2月5日以来，武汉市共有14家方舱医院接诊患者，其中运行时间最长的为33天，共收治新冠肺炎轻症患者12000多人。

As of Sunday afternoon, 11 of the 14 hospitals have suspended operation, with their patients either discharged or transferred to designated hospitals, it said.
截至3月8日下午，14家方舱医院中已有11家休舱，患者均已出院或转移到了定点医院。

There are a little more than 100 patients still being treated in the remaining three makeshift hospitals.
剩余3家方舱医院累计在院患者100多人。

意大利封国 Italy under lockdown

截至当地时间3月9日18时左右，意大利民防部门负责人、新冠病毒应急委员会专员安杰洛·博雷利在例行疫情新闻发布会上表示，该国现存新冠肺炎病例7985例，累计治愈724人；新增死亡病例97例，累计死亡463人。

当地时间3月9日夜间，意大利总理孔特宣布，因新冠疫情严峻，人员流动紧急管控措施将扩大至意大利全境（extend the emergency quarantine measures across the entire country）。

孔特表示：

“The figures show we are experiencing a serious increase in infections, an increase in people hospitalised in intensive care – and an increase, unfortunately, in deaths. We need to change our lifestyle. We need to change it now. That’s why I have decided to adopt these hard measures,” said Conte.
数据显示，我们国家目前的感染人数、重症人数以及，很不幸的，死亡人数均在显著增加。我们需要改变生活方式，需要立即改变。因此我决定采取这些强硬的措施。

"The whole of Italy will become a protected zone," he added.
“整个意大利要成为一个保护区。”

"We all must give something up for the good of Italy. We have to do it now.
我们都应该为意大利的安好做出一些牺牲，我们必须这么做。

“There is no more time. I will take responsibility for these measures. Our future is in our hands,” he told reporters.
“没有时间了，我会为这些措施负责，我们的未来在我们自己手上。”

孔特将此次管控措施称为“我待在家（I stay at home）”，具体措施包括：

People are forbidden to gather in public.
禁止人们在公共场所聚集。

All public events will be banned, cinemas, theatres, gyms, discos and pubs closed, and funerals and weddings cancelled.
禁止所有公共活动，电影院、剧院、健身房、迪厅及酒吧全部关闭，婚礼、葬礼全部取消。

All sporting events - including football matches - are suspended nationwide. Schools and universities will remain closed until April 3.
全国范围内暂停所有体育活动，包括足球赛事。各类学校在4月3日之前保持关闭。

Those who have to leave their region or their cities out of serious necessity can do so only if they have self-certification stating that they must cross the borders for compelling business reasons, health reasons, or because they have to return home.
因紧迫的工作需要、健康需要或者家庭需要而离开当前城市或地区的，需提供相应的证明后才能出行。

There are controls at train stations to check the temperatures of passengers. Cruise ships are also forbidden to dock at various ports.
火车站设立检查站检测乘客体温。禁止游轮停靠境内港口。

People may face fines and up to three months in jail for breaking quarantine rules.
违反疫情防控规定者或面临罚款以及最高3个月的监禁。