2020年4月新闻热词汇总
中国日报网 2020-05-01 09:00
4月,依旧是疫情防控的一个月。国内疫情风险稳步降低,海外疫情还在发展,我国采取了一系列严防输入的疫情防控举措。本月重点热词有:全国哀悼日、5G消息、粮食安全、就业歧视、零号病人以及北京突发公共卫生事件响应降级。
现场祭扫活动 on-site commemorative activities
4月1日,在国务院联防联控机制召开的新闻发布会上,民政部社会事务司副司长范瑜在回答记者提问时表示,目前“外防输入、内防反弹”的要求不能放松,今年清明除了现场祭扫以外,倡导多样化的祭扫方式。
Nine provinces, including Central China’s Hubei province, have suspended on-site commemorative activities during the three-day holiday from Saturday to Monday, according to Fan.
范瑜表示,湖北省等9省已经决定暂停4月4日至6日期间的清明现场祭扫活动。
She said that some provinces and cities require people to follow strict reservation rules for tomb sweeping.
她指出,还有一些省市要求人们严格遵守祭扫预约规定。
比如有的地方规定,居家或者集中观察期未满的人员是不能预约现场祭扫的(those who are under home quarantine or concentrated observation are not allowed to make reservations for on-site commemorative activities),有关人员要自觉遵守。
预约成功后要按预约时间和规定的人数前去祭扫。
除了现场祭扫外,为了巩固疫情防控成果,今年清明祭扫活动还大力推广非现场祭扫方式。
The Ministry of Civil Affairs encourages people to mourn their ancestors and deceased family members in more civil and eco-friendly ways, such as organizing commemorative activities at home or online.
民政部倡导人们用更加文明环保的方式祭祀先辈和逝去的亲人,比如,居家追思或网络祭扫。
Some civil affairs departments have opened online platforms for commemoration.
一些民政部门已经开通了网上祭扫平台。
Staff members at funeral parlors also offer charity services, for example, helping deliver flowers and send condolences, to reduce risks of infection due to mass gatherings.
殡葬服务机构工作人员也会提供公益性代祭服务,比如,代献花、留言寄语等,以降低因人群聚集而带来的感染风险。
范瑜说,
The control measures may bring inconvenience to the public but we believe that cherishing the health of living people is the best consolation to the deceased.
对清明节祭扫的相关限制措施,大家可能觉得很繁琐,但是我们认为,生者的健康平安是对逝者最好的告慰。
全国哀悼日 national day of mourning
为表达全国各族人民对抗击新冠肺炎疫情斗争牺牲烈士和逝世同胞的深切哀悼,国务院发布公告,决定2020年4月4日举行全国性哀悼活动。
China will hold a national mourning Saturday for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and compatriots died of the disease, according to the State Council.
在此期间,全国和驻外使领馆下半旗志哀,全国停止公共娱乐活动。
During the commemoration, national flags will fly at half-mast across the country and in all Chinese embassies and consulates abroad, and public recreational activities will be suspended across the country.
【单词讲解】
“下半旗”除了可以用这里的flags fly at half-mast表达之外,用flags fly at half-staff也是可以的。为什么会用mast和staff这两个词呢?因为mast本意是“桅杆”,后来也用来指“旗杆”,而staff其实是flagstaff的缩写,flagstaff相当于flagpole,本身就是“旗杆”的意思。
4月4日10时起,全国人民默哀3分钟,汽车、火车、舰船鸣笛,防空警报鸣响。
At 10:00 am Saturday, Chinese people nationwide will observe three-minute silence to mourn for the deceased, while air raid sirens and horns of automobiles, trains and ships will wail in grief.
【单词讲解】
“默哀”比较常用的英文表达是observe (three-minute) silence (for someone)或者pay silent tribute (to someone)。Tribute可以表示“(对死者的)致敬,悼念,致哀”。例如:an obituary tribute(悼辞);此外,tribute还可以表示“颂词”,例如:a birthday tribute(生日祝福)。
粮食安全 food security
4月4日下午,国务院联防联控机制就做好疫情期间粮食供给和保障工作情况举行发布会。
有记者提问,受新冠肺炎疫情影响,不少国家开始限制粮食出口,特别是哈萨克斯坦、越南等国开始宣布限制小麦、大米出口。在这种情况下我们身边可能会有些人因为担心食品短缺而进行囤积抢购,请问我国粮食安全总体形势如何?
【词汇讲解】
在英语里,“粮食安全”用food security表示,而food safety则表示“食品安全”。这二者的区别是:food security强调的是确保人们都能得到维持健康生活所需要的粮食,主要跟粮食的供应和人们获取的渠道有关;而food safety强调的是确保人们吃进嘴里的食物在生产、存储和销售等环节都符合卫生健康标准。
China has ample food production and grain reserves despite the novel coronavirus impact, so there is no need to hoard groceries, officials have said.
有关负责人表示,虽然有新冠肺炎疫情影响,但我国粮食产量丰、库存足,没有必要囤积粮食。
农业农村部发展规划司司长魏百刚用四组数字对上述问题进行了回应。
第一组数据,粮食产量。
The country has recorded a long streak of bumper years, with grain output reaching a record of 663.9 billion kg last year.
我国粮食生产连年丰收,去年的产量达到6639亿公斤,创历史新高。
第二组数据,人均粮食占有量。
The per capita output of grain in China has been higher than the world average since 2010.
2010年以来,我们国家人均粮食占有量持续高于世界平均水平。
第三组数据,粮食库存量。
The repertory of rice and wheat in the country is enough for the whole population for one year.
小麦和稻谷库存大体相当于全国人民一年的消费量。
第四组数据,我国谷物进口量。
China imported 14.68 million tons of grain last year, accounting for 2% of the total consumption in the country.
中国去年净进口1468万吨,仅占全国谷物消费量的2%左右。
农业农村部种植业管理司司长潘文博在发布会上表示,
China has unveiled a series of "unconventional measures" to stabilize grain production, including setting region-specific grain plantation targets, offering subsidies for farmers and raising minimum prices for state procurement of rice, which secured a good start this year and would ensure stable grain production for the whole year.
今年我国采取了一系列“超常规”措施稳住粮食生产,包括按地区设定今年粮食种植目标,为农民提供补贴,提高粮食最低收购价等,粮食生产有了一个好的开局,能够稳住今年粮食生产。
We have the confidence and determination to hold firm our rice bowl.
我们有信心、有决心端牢中国人的饭碗。
健康信息 health information
中国民用航空局、中华人民共和国海关总署4月7日发布关于中国籍旅客乘坐航班回国前填报防疫健康信息的公告。
Chinese passengers who are going to fly from 26 countries, including the United States, Italy and Spain, to China are required to submit their health information prior to boarding the plane, the country's civil aviation regulator said on Tuesday.
民航局4月7日表示,从美国、意大利、西班牙等26国回国的中国籍旅客需在乘坐航班前填报个人健康信息。
具体要求如下:
Passengers who already booked air tickets to China must report their personal information, health status and recent travel history on a daily basis starting from Wednesday via a WeChat mini-program before boarding. Under special circumstances, the information can be submitted with the help of someone else.
自2020年4月8日起,已购票旅客在登机前需要提前通过防疫健康码国际版微信小程序,逐日填报个人资料、健康状况、近期出行情况等信息。特殊情况可由他人代为填报。
Passengers who take the flights during the transition period between Wednesday and April 22 should report the related information every day ahead of their flights. Passenger who plan to fly after April 22 need to report the information daily for two weeks before boarding.
2020年4月8日至4月22日为过渡期。过渡期内乘坐航班的中国籍旅客,应于4月8日起连续逐日填报。过渡期后乘坐航班的,应于登机前第14天起连续逐日填报。
【词汇讲解】
这里的“过渡期”用transition period表示,transition指的是从一种状态转变到另一种状态的过程,即“过渡,转变”,比如: difficult transition from childhood to adulthood(从童年到成年的艰难转变)。另外一个与transition拼写很接近的词transitory表达的是“转瞬即逝的、短暂的”意思,比如:transitory happiness(转瞬即逝的幸福)。
People who do not fill out the information as required will not be allowed to board, and passengers who failed to report it truthfully cannot continue their trip and need to bear corresponding legal responsibilities.
未按上述要求填报的,将无法登机。旅客填报虚假信息,将导致行程受阻,并须承担相应法律责任。
公告中所列国家为:意大利、美国、西班牙、德国、伊朗、法国、韩国、瑞士、英国、荷兰、奥地利、比利时、挪威、葡萄牙、瑞典、澳大利亚、巴西、土耳其、马来西亚、丹麦、加拿大、以色列、捷克、爱尔兰、菲律宾、泰国。
5G消息业务 5G messaging service
4月8日,中国移动、中国电信、中国联通联合举行线上发布会,共同发布《5G消息白皮书》。
Falling under the technical name of rich communication services, or RCS, the 5G messaging service is designed to replace current short messages with a system that is richer, provides phone book polling, and can transmit in-call multimedia.
5G消息,其技术名称为“富媒体通信/富通信服务”,旨在用一个更加丰富的体系取代现有的短信服务,可以提供通讯录查询以及通话时多媒体传输。
据介绍,5G消息业务(5G messaging service)是终端原生基础短消息服务的全新升级(an upgrade to the existing standard SMS messaging),依照交互方式大致可分为两类:即个人用户之间(P2P communication),以及企业与个人用户之间的信息交互(B2C reach)。
对于个人用户而言,5G消息将打破传统短信对每条信息的长度限制(no word limits),内容方面也将突破文字局限,实现文字、图片、音频、视频、位置等信息的有效融合(an integration of texts,images, audio, video and location information)。
对于企业而言,5G消息将为其提供与个人用户之间的信息交互接口(interaction between businesses and individuals)。企业可通过文字、语音、选项卡等富媒体方式向用户输出个性化服务与咨询。
With the new messaging service, for instance, consumers don't have to download a variety of mobile apps. They can directly buy train tickets and book flights by sending messages.
比如,使用5G消息后,用户不需要下载各种移动应用软件,可以直接通过消息窗口购买火车票或者预订航班。
此外,5G消息还支持加密传输(encrypted transmission)、图形密码(graphic verification code)等信息交互方式,可提供信息安全保障,保护用户隐私。
简单而言,5G消息是短信和彩信的升级版,可以发送图文、音视频等更加丰富的内容信息;与现有即时通讯类APP的区别是,5G消息以手机号作为用户ID,无需另外安装APP,也无需添加好友或关注企业号码,即可实现消息收发(send and receive messages without friending others or following business accounts)。
The global telecom industry association GSMA has reached a consensus that RCS will become the mandatory function of 5G smartphones.
全球移动通信系统协会已达成共识,5G消息将成为5G手机的必备功能。
The three telecom carriers disclosed in March that they would invest about 180 billion yuan on 5G this year. They will also build 550,000 5G base stations this year.
三大运营商上月透露,他们今年将在5G领域投资1800亿元,年内建设55万个5G基站。
伴侣动物 companion animal
农业农村部近日制订了《国家畜禽遗传资源目录(征求意见稿)》,就畜禽目录向社会公开征求意见。
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has excluded dogs from its draft list of edible terrestrial animals.
农业农村部在这份目录征求意见稿中未将狗列为可食用陆生动物。
The draft has proposed as edible species the 18 traditional forms of livestock including pigs, cattle, chickens and ducks, alongside 13 special species including ostriches, silver foxes and minks.
该目录包括可食用的传统畜禽18种,包括猪、牛、鸡、鸭等,特种畜禽13种,包括鸵鸟、银狐、水貂等。
在针对目录的说明中,农业农村部专门提到,
Excluding dogs - an essential human companion animal - is a common global practice and is considered a sign of civilization.
狗是人类伴侣动物,不将其列入目录是国际通行的做法,也是文明的象征。
今年2月《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》发布以来,关于哪些动物能吃,引发了广泛的社会讨论,《目录》的制定意味着这一问题将有官方定论。
农业农村部表示,在目录制订过程中,主要掌握四个原则:
一是坚持科学,列入目录的畜禽须经过长期人工饲养驯化(long-term breeding and taming by human),有稳定的人工选择经济性状;
二是突出安全,优先保障食品安全(food safety)、公共卫生安全(public health safety)、生态安全(environmental safety);
三是尊重民族习惯(respect ethnic customs),考虑多民族生产生活需要和传统文化等因素;
四是与国际接轨,参照国际通行做法和国际惯例(follow global practice)等。
目录里包括的动物有哪些?
目录包括传统畜禽和特种畜禽共31个种,其中传统畜禽18种:猪、普通牛、瘤牛、水牛、牦牛、大额牛、绵羊、山羊、马、驴、骆驼、兔、鸡、鸭、鹅、火鸡、鸽、鹌鹑;特种畜禽13种:梅花鹿、马鹿、驯鹿、羊驼、珍珠鸡、雉鸡、鹧鸪、绿头鸭、鸵鸟、水貂、银狐、蓝狐、貉。
农业农村部表示,列入目录的畜禽(livestock),适用《畜牧法》,由畜牧兽医主管部门管理;目录所列物种的野外种群(wild population of the listed species),以及目录之外的陆生野生动物(wild terrestrial animals),适用《野生动物保护法》,由林业和草原部门管理。
就业歧视 job discrimination
随着湖北地区疫情防控形势好转,各地复工复产进程加速,外出务工的湖北籍劳动者不断增多。但有媒体报道,一些地方出现了湖北籍劳动者受到区别对待、难找工作甚至被无故辞退的情况。
China's top legislature has called on governments to offer more aid to laborers from regions hit hard by the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak when they return to work to help them overcome difficulties such as discrimination and ensure fair employment and the orderly resumption of production.
全国人大常委会呼吁各级政府为新冠肺炎疫情严重地区的务工人员返岗提供支持,帮助他们解决就业歧视等困难,确保就业公平及有序复工。
全国人大常委会法工委社会法室主任郭林茂今表示:
Labor is a basic constitutional right of citizens, and the Chinese Labor Law is clear on guaranteeing fair employment and prohibiting job discrimination.
劳动权是宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利。我国劳动法律对保障劳动者公平就业、禁止就业歧视作了明确规定。
规定主要包括以下几个方面:
一是就业促进法规定,国家把扩大就业放在经济社会发展的突出位置(uphold the importance of expanding employment in the country's economic and social development),各级人民政府应当创造公平就业环境(ensure employment equality),多渠道扩大就业(expand job opportunities in various ways)。
二是根据劳动法、就业促进法,国家保障劳动者公平就业,反对任何形式的就业歧视。用人单位以劳动者地域不同为由解除劳动合同,也违反劳动合同法相关规定,应承担相应法律责任(employers who terminated contracts on the grounds of employees' place of origin were in breach of the Chinese Labor Contract Law and should bear legal liability)。
三是各级人力资源和社会保障部门依法对用人单位执行劳动法律、法规的情况进行监督检查(monitor whether the applicable laws are being enforced),对违法行为予以制止,并责令改正(deter and correct employers' misconduct)。
郭林茂指出,
People from Hubei, especially those from Wuhan, capital of the province, were tenacious and brave during the outbreak, with strict enforcement of the epidemic control rules and extremely great efforts in fighting the disease, so we need to provide more help for them when they return to work.
在疫情防控战中,湖北人民特别是武汉人民不畏艰险、顽强不屈,自觉服从疫情防控大局需要,主动投身疫情防控斗争,付出了极大努力。我们需要为湖北籍劳动者返岗就业提供更多帮助。
Regional discrimination in recruitment damages laborers' equal employment rights. It is neither legal nor beneficial in consolidating the results of epidemic control work and promoting social economic development.
地域歧视损害了劳动者公平就业的权利,既不合法,更不利于巩固疫情防控成果和促进经济社会发展。
灭活疫苗 inactivated vaccines
国务院联防联控机制科研攻关组表示,我国两款新冠病毒灭活疫苗获得国家药品监督管理局一二期合并的临床试验许可,相关临床试验同步启动。
The two vaccines are China's first batch of COVID-19 inactivated vaccines that have obtained clinical trial approval. Using killed pathogenic microorganisms for enhancing the immunogenicity, the vaccines have advantages of mature production process, controllable quality standards and wide protection range.
此次获批进入临床试验的两款灭活疫苗是我国首批获得临床研究批件的新冠病毒灭活疫苗,是一种杀死病原微生物但仍保持其免疫原性的疫苗,具有生产工艺成熟、质量标准可控、保护范围广等优点。
They can be used for large-scale vaccination, and their safety and effectiveness can by judged by internationally accepted standards.
这两款疫苗可用于大规模接种,并且有国际通行标准来判断疫苗的安全性和有效性。
疫苗对疫情防控至关重要。疫情发生以来,国务院联防联控机制科研攻关组专门设立疫苗研发专班,按照灭活疫苗(inactivated vaccines)、重组蛋白疫苗(recombinant protein vaccines)、腺病毒载体疫苗(adenovirus vector vaccines)、减毒流感病毒载体活疫苗(vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors)、核酸疫苗(nucleic acid vaccines)5条技术路线共布局12项研发任务,目前均在稳步推进。
China has laid a solid foundation for research in inactivated vaccines, which has been widely used to fight hepatitis A, influenza, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis.
我国的灭活疫苗有较好研究基础,甲肝灭活疫苗、流感灭活(裂解)疫苗、手足口病灭活疫苗、脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗等均已广泛应用。
这两款新冠病毒灭活疫苗分别由国药集团中国生物武汉生物制品研究所、北京科兴中维生物技术有限公司联合有关科研机构开发而成。
据了解,上述获得临床试验许可的企业具备大规模灭活疫苗生产能力(the capacity for large-scale production),根据国家相关法律法规,已为紧急使用做好准备。