2020年5月新闻热词汇总

关于建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制的决定（草案） a draft decision on establishing and improving the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) to safeguard national security

十三届全国人大三次会议5月21日晚举行新闻发布会，大会发言人张业遂就会议议程和人大有关工作回答了中外记者提问。

According to an agenda unveiled Thursday, a bill on reviewing a draft decision on establishing and improving the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) to safeguard national security will be submitted for deliberation to the third session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC), which will open on Friday.
根据会议议程，本次大会将审议《全国人民代表大会关于建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制的决定（草案）》。

十三届全国人大三次会议大会发言人张业遂在新闻发布会上说，

National security is the bedrock underpinning the stability of the country.
国家安全是安邦定国的重要基石。

Safeguarding national security serves the fundamental interests of all Chinese including Hong Kong compatriots.
维护国家安全是包括香港同胞在内的全国各族人民的根本利益所在。

The fourth plenary session of the 19th Communist Party of China Central Committee clearly required a legal framework and enforcement mechanisms to be established for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR.
党的十九届四中全会明确提出：“建立健全特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制”。

The HKSAR is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China, and the NPC is the highest organ of state power.In light of the new circumstances and need, the NPC is exercising the power enshrined in the Constitution to establish and improve at the state level the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the HKSAR to safeguard national security, and to uphold and improve the institutional framework of "one country, two systems".
香港特别行政区是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关，根据新的形势和需要，行使宪法赋予的职权，从国家层面建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制，坚持和完善“一国两制”制度体系，是完全必要的。

政府工作报告 government work report

“两个维护”、“四个意识”、“四个自信”、“六稳”、“六保”......政府工作报告里提到的这些缩略语都代表什么呢？

“放管服”改革（简政放权、放管结合、优化服务改革）
streamline the government, delegate power, and improve government services

“两个维护”（坚决维护习近平总书记党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导）
resolutely uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and resolutely uphold the Party Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership

三大攻坚战（防范化解重大风险、精准脱贫、污染防治攻坚战）
the three critical battles against major risks, poverty, and pollution

“四风”（形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风）
the practice of formalities for formalities' sake, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance

“四个意识”（政治意识、大局意识、核心意识、看齐意识）
consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment

“四个自信”（中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信）
confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics

“六稳”（稳就业、稳金融、稳外贸、稳外资、稳投资、稳预期）
ensure stability in employment, financial operations, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and expectations

“六保”（保居民就业、保基本民生、保市场主体、保粮食能源安全、保产业链供应链稳定、保基层运转）
ensure security in job, basic living needs, operations of market entities, food and energy security, stable industrial and supply chains, and the normal functioning of primary-level governments

“两新一重”（新型基础设施、新型城镇化、重大工程）
new infrastructure, new urbanization initiatives and major projects

公共卫生领域立法 legislation on public health

受全国人大常委会委托，全国人大常委会委员长栗战书5月25日向十三届全国人大三次会议作《全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作报告》。

China's top legislature said it will prioritize legislation on public health this year.
全国人大常委会表示今年将加强公共卫生领域立法。

In its annual work report， the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) said it plans to revise the Wildlife Protection Law， the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases， the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law， and the Emergency Response Law in 2020.
全国人大常委会工作报告指出，今年将对野生动物保护法、传染病防治法、国境卫生检疫法、突发事件应对法进行修改。

报告指出：

疫情发生以来，全国人大常委会坚决贯彻党中央决策部署，迅速行动、依法履职，作出关于全面禁止野生动物非法交易和食用的决定，防范公共卫生安全风险，促进社会文明进步。适应国家治理体系和治理能力现代化要求，根据公共卫生领域新情况新问题，部署启动强化公共卫生法治保障体系的立法修法工作，为守护人民生命健康安全筑牢法治防线。回应社会关切，主动宣传解读疫情防控法律，为疫情防控和经济社会发展提供法律支持。
Since the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak， the NPC Standing Committee has acted promptly and performed its lawful duty while rigorously implementing the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee. We issued the decision to completely ban the illegal trade and consumption of wildlife， thereby protecting against public health risks and promoting the betterment of society. In line with the requirement to modernize China’s governance system and capacity for governance， and in light of new issues and circumstances in the public health field， the Standing Committee arranged for the enactment and revision of laws to strengthen the system of legal guarantees for public health in order to build a stronger line of defense for the health and safety of the people through the rule of law. We responded to public concerns， actively reached out to the public to clarify epidemic prevention and control laws， and provided legal support for anti-epidemic efforts and economic and social development.

十三届全国人大三次会议大会发言人张业遂表示，

China currently has over 30 laws on public health, which have generally withstood the test of the COVID-19 epidemic and played a positive role. There are still some weak links and shortcomings in the legal framework, and the NPC Standing Committee will further strengthen China's public health legislation.
在中国目前有30多部与公共卫生防治体系有关的法律，这些法律在这次疫情大考中总体经受住了考验，发挥了积极作用，但也存在一些短板和不足。下一步，全国人大常委会的一项重要工作，就是通过立法修法进一步完善和强化公共卫生法制保障体系。

The formulation or amendment of 17 laws is expected to be finished within the year, and 13 others will be updated in due course.
计划今明两年制定修改法律17部，适时修改法律13部。

外国国家豁免法 foreign states immunities law

全国人大代表、北京市社会科学院法学所研究员马一德在接受记者采访时表示，建议尽快制定符合我国国情的外国国家豁免法（foreign states immunities law）。

Formulating a foreign states immunities law will protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens as well as foreign investors, said Ma Yide, a deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC) and a law researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences. It will also counteract malicious litigations raised in countries like the United States towards China over the COVID-19 response, Ma told reporters.
全国人大代表、北京市社会科学院法学所研究员马一德对记者表示，制定外国国家豁免法将平等保护我国国民和外国投资者合法权益，同时对等反制美国等以新冠肺炎疫情向中国提出的恶意指控。

【知识点】

国家主权豁免（state sovereign immunity）是指国家根据国家主权和国家平等原则不接受他国管辖的特权。国家主权豁免是国家平等的必然结果。

一般认为，国家及其财产豁免权（state sovereign and property immunity）的内容包括以下三个方面：

1、司法管辖豁免（immunity from jurisdiction）：即未经一国同意，他国法院不得受理以该外国国家为被告或者以该外国国家财产为诉讼标的的案件。

2、诉讼程序豁免（immunity from litigation）：即未经一国同意，即使放弃管辖豁免，外国法院也不得对该国财产采取诉讼保全措施，不得强制出庭作证以及实施其他诉讼程序上的强制措施。

3、强制执行豁免（immunity from forcible execution）：一国同意在他国法院中作为被告或主动作为原告参加民事诉讼，在未经该国同意时，他国法院不得根据本国判决对该国财产实行强制执行。

在管辖豁免适用范围方面，主要有绝对豁免和限制豁免两种。

绝对豁免（absolute immunity）主张不论一国行为及其财产的性质如何，也不论该国的财产位于何地、为谁所控制，该国及其财产在其他国家法院都享有豁免权，除非该国本身自愿放弃这种豁免权；否则，任何其他国家的法院都无权受理以该国为被告或以该国财产为诉讼标的的民事案件。

限制豁免（limited immunity）则将国家行为分为公法行为(也称主权行为、统治权行为) 和私法行为(也称非主权行为、事务权行为、商业行为) ，并且只对外国国家的公法行为及用于该类行为的国家财产予以管辖豁免，对其商业行为及用于该类行为的财产则行使管辖权。

马一德解释说，

The lack of such a law has emerged as a prominent issue in the current epidemic as some countries, led by the United States, tried to shift the blame for their own governments' incompetence on COVID-19 response.
这一问题在此次疫情中尤为凸显，以美国为首的部分国家试图转嫁本国政府防疫、控疫不力的责任。

Some groups and individuals in some countries even cited the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of the United States to bring litigations to the Chinese government and relevant departments.
甚至一些国家的团体或个人依据美国的外国主权豁免法对我国政府和相关部门提起诉讼。

"This has trampled on the internationally recognized principle of sovereign immunity, and is also a show of hegemony and power politics," Ma said, stressing the necessity and urgency for China to formulate a foreign states immunities law.
这既是对国家及其财产豁免这一国际法原则的践踏，也是国际霸权与强权主义的体现，但同时凸显出我国制定外国国家豁免法的必要性、紧迫性。

China follows the principle of absolute immunity of foreign states and their property, thus Chinese litigants are unable to sue foreign governments from domestic courts, while Chinese governments have often been sued in foreign courts, he added.
遵循外国国家及其财产绝对豁免的一般原则，我国当事人难以在国内法院对他国提起诉讼主张权益，我国政府却作为被告在外国法院被频频起诉。

马一德表示，在新形势下，建议重新对国家豁免问题进行审视，由绝对豁免原则转向国际主流的限制豁免原则，尽快制定符合我国国情的国家豁免法。

From a long-term perspective, adopting a limited immunities principle will show a responsible manner of the Chinese government to foreign investors, ensure stable expectations for the protection of their investments, and facilitate China's new round of opening-up and the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, he said.
长远来看，采取限制豁免原则将向外国投资者展示中国政府负责任的态度，为保护其投资提供稳定预期，助力我国新一轮对外开放、‘一带一路’倡议深化发展。

据了解，在当前错综复杂国际形势和疫情防控常态化背景下，这一建议一经提出就获得了代表们的理解、认同和支持，北京代表团代表中超过35人联名签署并提交该议案。该议案目前已被大会议案组接收并分送有关专门委员会研究。

绿色通道 green channel

中国民航局于5月25日下发了《关于建立复产复工国际客运包机计划审批“绿色通道”的通知》。

The country's top civil aviation authority said it has set up a "green channel" to streamline the approval procedure for chartered international passenger flights that are out of work-resumption purposes.
民航局表示，已针对复产复工国际客运包机建立“绿色通道”，优化工作流程。

通知表示，中外航空公司的国际客运包机（chartered international passenger flights）应取得不定期飞行航班许可（license to operate a non-scheduled international service），暂不需时刻协调。各航空公司在申请不定期飞行航班许可的同时，即可向运行监控中心提交相关预先飞行计划（pre-flight plan）申请。运行监控中心根据不定期飞行航班许可内容，尽快受理并发布预先飞行计划。

对于不定期飞行航班许可申请，申请时限由原来的提前7个工作日调整为提前3个工作日，系统受理时间7×24小时（the application system is accessible 24/7）。

其实，民航局此前已对客货运航班申请设立了相关绿色通道。

客运方面，民航局早在今年2月即开设了复工复产绿色通道。货运方面，今年4月3日，民航局下发了《关于疫情防控期间国际航空货运建立审批“绿色通道”的通知》，对国际货运航班（international cargo flights）计划管理工作程序进行临时性调整，建立“绿色通道”，进一步优化工作流程（optimize procedure）、缩短办理时间，促进国际货运航班计划审批顺畅高效。

此外，我国还与多个国家开通“快捷通道”。

China has recently opened a "fast-track lane" with several countries for essential personnel on urgent visits in the areas of commerce, logistics, production and technological services.
中国近期与多个国家开通“快捷通道”，为重要商务、物流、生产、技术服务等急需人员往来提供方便。

民法典 the Civil Code

十三届全国人大三次会议以2879票赞成、2票反对、5票弃权，高票表决通过《中华人民共和国民法典》。

In addition to general and supplementary provisions, the Civil Code includes six parts on real rights, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, and tort liabilities.
除总则和附则之外，《民法典》包括物权、合同、人格权、婚姻家庭、继承、侵权责任这六编。

The personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests of the parties to civil legal relations shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual, reads the Civil Code in its opening chapter.
《民法典》在总则部分明确，民事主体的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益受法律保护，任何组织和个人不得侵犯。

保护人格尊严

The part on personality rights includes provisions on a civil subject's rights to life, body, health, name, portrait, reputation and privacy, among others.
人格权编包括民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、隐私权等权利。

The part features stipulations on regulating studies related to human genes or embryos, strengthening privacy protection, banning sexual harassment, and other prominent issues of public concern.
人格权编还对严格规范与人体基因、人体胚胎等有关的科研活动，加强隐私保护，禁止性骚扰，以及其他公众关注的重要问题进行了规定。

适应新的实际情况

Data and online virtual assets are also legally protected, according to the Civil Code.
《民法典》规定，数据及网络虚拟财产也受法律保护。

Personal information includes an individual's name, birthdate, identity card number, fingerprints, home address and phone number, as well as email addresses and location data.
个人信息的范围包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、个人生物识别信息、住址、电话号码，以及电子邮箱地址和行踪信息。

此外，《民法典》还对紧急情况下保护个人权利的条款做了微调。

For example, if the guardian of a child is unable to perform his or her duties due to emergencies like being put under medical isolation, primary-level Party committees or civil affairs authorities must take over the guardianship, according to the code.
比如，儿童的监护人在医学隔离等紧急情况下无法履行监护责任的，基层党委或民政部门必须承担起监护责任。

Lawmakers say drafting the code is not about formulating a new civil law but rather systematically incorporating existing civil laws and regulations, modifying and improving them to adapt to new situations while maintaining their consistency.
人大代表们表示，起草《民法典》并不是制定一部新的民法，而是将现有的民事法律法规进行系统整合，在保持其一致性的前提下，根据新形势进行修订和完善。

The Civil Code will take effect on Jan 1, 2021.
《民法典》自2021年1月1日起施行。

（中国日报网英语点津 Helen）