2020年7月新闻热词汇总

文物保护 protection of cultural relics

Statistics from the National Cultural Heritage Administration showed that by Thursday, more than 500 unmovable cultural relics such as monuments, ancient architecture and bridges in 11 provincial-level regions had been destroyed or damaged by floodwater. Seventy-six of the sites are under national-level protection, and 187 under provincial-level protection.
国家文物局的数据显示，截至7月16日，11省份有500余处不可移动文物因洪灾受到损坏，其中涉及全国重点文物保护单位76处、省级文物保护单位187处。受损文物包括纪念碑、古建筑以及桥梁等。

【单词讲解】

在考古领域挖掘出来的“（工具、武器、饰品等具有考古或历史价值的）文物”一般用artifact。而我们常见的cultural relics里面的relic则指“遗迹、遗留物、遗址”等。我们可以说，在表示“历史遗迹”的时候，relic涵盖的范围要比artifact要广一些，而且这两个词一般都用复数形式。

国家文物局副局长宋新潮介绍，长江流域省份文物受损情况较为严重，其中江西160处，安徽144处，湖南62处，四川41处，广西35处，湖北31处。

The administration has allocated about 3.5 million yuan to a special fund for cultural heritage rescue work in the provinces.
国家文物局已向文物受灾严重的省份拨付文物应急抢险资金350万元。

文物受损成因分析

文物本身防灾抗灾能力弱

"Floodwaters have been a major threat to the safety of Chinese cultural heritage throughout history," Song said. "And these old bridges, city walls and houses often have a poor capacity to counter disasters due to the lasting influence of natural erosion and human activities.
洪涝等自然地质灾害历来是危害文物安全的重要因素。古桥梁、古城墙、古民居等文物建筑年代悠远，受自然环境侵蚀和人为活动影响，抵御自然地质灾害能力弱。

Ancient Chinese architecture is usually made of wood, tiles and bricks. When reservoirs in the upper reaches discharge waters, these heritage sites cannot withstand the impact of torrents.
我国文物建筑多为木构架结构，主要建筑材料为木材、砖瓦等，一些上游水库泄洪排涝，这些文物无法承受大流量洪水的冲击。

防灾减灾技术研究不足

"Speaking of ancient architecture, cultural heritage experts and architects have usually focused on studying their layout, historical context and the structure of components," he said. "However, their capacity to withstand natural disasters has often received less attention, and we have thus lacked a comprehensive system to introduce disaster-prevention technology into renovation work and training programs."
我国文物、建筑学界对文物建筑的保护研究集中在建筑格局、形制、结构等方面，对文物自身具有的防灾抗灾功能作用关注不够，未能形成系统的文物防灾理念和技术体系，文物修缮中防灾减灾措施缺少针对性指导。

如何保护文物

有效防范是基础

He said the administration will coordinate with different government departments to include the safety of heritage sites in the national disaster prevention and mitigation system, with cultural relics to be treated as "key properties", like human life.
国家文物局要督导各地将文物防灾减灾纳入防灾减灾体系，将文物作为和生命一样的重要财产来看待。

发挥文物自身防灾功能

For instance, the Forbidden City in Beijing, China's former imperial palace, has seldom been flooded since its founding 600 years ago due to its superb sewage system. And the sewage system in the historical neighborhood in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, was designed during the Song Dynasty and still functions well today.
北京故宫科学的排水系统使其600余年始终未遭水害，江西赣州古城“福寿沟”是宋代城市排水系统，至今仍发挥着重要的防汛抗灾作用。

"An important task is to conduct in-depth studies of the extraordinary capacities of ancient Chinese cities and take full advantage of those functions today," he said.
当前一项重要任务是组织开展专项系统研究，深入挖掘一些古城本身具有的独特防灾体系和抗灾功能，充分发挥其在现代城乡防灾减灾中的重要作用。

全国性竞赛 national competitions

为规范个别竞赛在组织过程中暴露出的问题，教育部办公厅日前印发《关于进一步加强面向中小学生的全国性竞赛活动管理工作的通知》。

The Ministry of Education has asked organizers of national competitions for primary and secondary students to double-check the authenticity and originality of past prize winners.
教育部要求全国性竞赛主办单位对以往获奖项目的真实性、独创性进行复核。

【单词讲解】

在日常对话或者写作中，real、authentic、true 这三个形容词出现的频率都很高。从字面意思上看，它们都带有“真的”的意思。在具体用法上，它们的区别在于：real 的主要意思是“真正存在的东西，人或发生的事件”；强调不是想象中的，比如：I found a real fossil on the beach. 我在沙滩上找到了一块真正的化石。

Authentic的一个常用含义是“有根据的，可靠可信的”。这个词出现在古董收藏或者是需要鉴别真假的场景下指“真货”，比如:This is an authentic vase from the Ming dynasty. 这是一个真正的明代花瓶。同时，authentic 这个词在用来表示我们吃到的东西是“地道的，原汁原味的”，比如： authentic Sichuan street food地道的四川小吃。

True 的意思是“准确的，真实的”，强调某事的真实性是基于事实的。在表达事情或者感情是“真实的”的情况下，我们往往会用 true，比如，“true love 真爱”，“true feeling 真感情”，The film was based on a true story. 电影是根据真实故事改编的。

教育部在通知中要求，

National competitions should not far exceed students' cognitive abilities, and parents and others should not participate in the competitions on behalf of the contestants, the ministry said in a notice.
坚决避免参赛项目明显不符合学生认知能力现象的发生，坚决防止由家长或其他人代劳等参赛造假行为。

The ministry will continue to strictly scrutinize national competitions, and organizers that are found to be seriously violating regulations will be removed from competition white lists and not be allowed to host competitions again, it said.
教育部将进一步加强对审核通过的竞赛的管理，严肃查处竞赛中出现的违法违规行为，情节严重的，将从竞赛名单中移除，并不再受理举办单位举办竞赛的申请。

Further, competition results are not allowed to be used to decide student admission to primary and middle schools. Rather, admission should be solely based on the proximity of their homes to the schools, the notice said.
各地要继续严格落实义务教育免试就近入学政策，不得将任何竞赛奖项作为幼升小、小升初升学依据。

High schools should also not use the results of competitions as bonus points to count toward student admission, it said.
严禁将各类竞赛获奖情况作为高中阶段学校招生考试（中考）加分依据。

教育部2018年印发《关于面向中小学生的全国性竞赛活动管理办法（试行）》，从2019年开始审核并公布竞赛名单，严控竞赛数量。

On July 1, the ministry published a white list featuring 35 approved national contests for primary and secondary school students for this year and next year.
7月1日，教育部公布了2020年和2021年面向中小学生的全国性竞赛活动名单，确定35项全国性竞赛活动。

外教 foreign teachers

7月21日，教育部、科技部、公安部、外交部公布了《外籍教师聘任和管理办法（征求意见稿）》，明确了外教聘任的资质要求、工作许可、签证申请、居留许可、教师备案等细则。

The draft guideline said education authorities should establish a national information and service platform where education institutions such as schools and tutoring institutions will be able to register, report and seek information about foreign teachers.
征求意见稿指出，教育行政部门应建立全国外籍教师综合信息服务平台，学校和培训机构等教育机构可以在该平台注册，登录平台备案、查询外籍教师相关信息。

【知识点】

这里的外籍教师（foreign teachers），是指由教育机构聘任、取得外国人来华工作许可和工作类居留证件、在中国境内从事教育教学工作的外籍人员（foreign nationals who are hired by education institutions to work as teachers in China and have acquired work permits and work-type residence permits）。

征求意见稿提出，要建立外籍教师信用记录制度（a credit system for foreign teachers）。

Those whose behavior is in accordance with Chinese laws and their work contracts, and who teach ethically and well, will have that recorded in the credit system, it said.
外籍教师在聘任期间遵守中国法律、合同约定，教育教学质量高、师德师风良好，将会纳入信用记录。

The credit system will also record those who breach their contracts, commit crimes, use drugs, mistreat underage students or illegally engage in religious education. They should be fired and reported to the education authorities.
外籍教师违反合同约定，有犯罪、吸毒行为，有虐待未成年人行为，非法从事宗教教育等行为的，也将计入信用记录。外籍教师有这些情形之一的，教育机构应当予以解聘，并报告主管教育行政部门。

外教资质要求

All foreign teachers must have no criminal record, infectious diseases, or a history of mental illness, sexual harassment or drug use, it said.
外籍教师应当无犯罪记录，无传染性疾病和精神障碍史，无性骚扰、吸食注射毒品等行为。

Foreign teachers working at schools should hold a valid work visa, have a bachelor's degree or higher and have at least two years' related teaching experience.
外籍人员从事外籍教师工作的，应当办理外国人来华工作类签证，应当具备学士以上学位和相关教育机构相关学科2年以上教育教学工作经历或者相关领域工作经历。

Those working as language tutors at training institutions should hold a valid work visa, be a native speaker, have a bachelor's degree or higher and specific qualifications for teaching a language, it said.
担任外国语言培训教师的，应当具备学士以上学位，取得相应的语言培训资质且一般从事母语国母语教学。

教育机构非法聘任外教、造假将被处罚

Education institutions that hire unqualified foreign teachers or falsify work permits or other credentials will be fined from 1,000 yuan to 10,000 yuan per teacher, and those who seriously violate regulations will have their business permits revoked, it added.
教育机构非法聘用未经许可和备案的外籍人员任教，或者在申请外籍教师工作许可和其他证明文件过程中伪造文件的，给予每人次1千元以上1万元以下的罚款，情节特别严重的，由教育行政部门依法吊销办学许可证。

火星探测 Mars exploration

7月22日，“天问一号1：1着陆平台和火星车”正式对外发布。

The China National Space Administration unveiled on Wednesday details of the nation's first Mars rover, which will be part of the country's first independent Mars mission Tianwen 1. The rover is 1.85 meters tall and weighs about 240 kilograms. It has six wheels and four solar panels and will be able to move at 200 meters per hour on Mars, the administration's Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center revealed.
7月22日，国家航天局公布了我国首个独立火星探测任务“天问一号”的火星车详情。国家航天局探月与航天工程中心发布的信息显示，火星车高度有1米85，重量达到240公斤左右，配备6个轮子和4块太阳能板，能在火星上以200米每小时的速度行进。

【知识点】

2020年4月24日，国家航天局公布：中国行星探测任务（planetary exploration missions）被命名为“天问（Tianwen）系列”，首次火星探测任务（first Mars exploration mission）被命名为“天问一号”，后续行星任务依次编号。“天问”来自中国伟大诗人屈原的长诗《天问》。“天问”这个名字表达了中华民族对于真理追求的坚韧与执着（the Chinese nation's perseverance in pursuing truth），体现了对自然和宇宙空间探索的文化传承（culture of exploring nature and the universe）。

据介绍，火星车将在火星上开展地表成分、物质类型分布、地质结构以及火星气象环境等探测工作。

火星车上搭载了6种有效载荷，包括地形相机（topographic camera）、多光谱相机（multispectral camera）、次表层探测雷达（subsurface penetrating radar）、表面成分探测仪（surface compositions detector）、表面磁场探测仪（surface magnetic field detector）、气象测量仪（meteorological measuring device），为完成火星表面巡视探测科学任务提供了保证。

同时，为了适应火星地表的特殊环境，火星车还具备环境感知（environmental sensing）、障碍识别（barrier identification）、局部路径规划（route planning）及多轮运动协调控制等功能。

Tianwen 1 was launched on its Mars mission carried by a Long March 5 rocket from the Wenchang Space Launch Center on Thursday.
7月23日，“天问一号”火星探测任务搭载长征5号火箭在文昌卫星发射中心实施。

Depending on the two planets' orbits, Mars is 55 million km to 400 million km from Earth. It is estimated it will take the probe seven months to reach Mars.
火星距离地球大约5500万公里到4亿公里，按照这个距离，探测器大约要飞行7个月才能到达火星。

Once the probe is in Mars' orbit, the rover will separate from the probe and descend to the planet's surface with the assistance of an landing module.
探测器进入火星轨道后，火星车将从探测器分离，并在着陆平台的协助下在火星表面着陆。

If Tianwen 1 can fulfill its three scientific objectives－orbiting Mars for comprehensive observation; landing on the planet's surface; and exploring Mars' environment, it will become the world's first Mars expedition to accomplish three such goals in one probe.
如果“天问一号”能够实现对火星“环绕、着陆、巡视”三大目标，它将成为全世界首个在一次探测任务中完成三个目标的火星探测任务。

美国驻成都总领事馆 the US Consulate General in Chengdu

2020年7月24日上午，中国外交部通知美国驻华使馆，中方决定撤销对美国驻成都总领事馆的设立和运行许可，并对该总领事馆停止一切业务和活动提出具体要求。
On the morning of 24 July, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China informed the US Embassy in China of its decision to withdraw its consent for the establishment and operation of the US Consulate General in Chengdu. The Ministry also made specific requirements on the ceasing of all operations and events by the Consulate General.

7月21日，美方单方面挑起事端，突然要求中方关闭驻休斯敦总领事馆，严重违反国际法和国际关系基本准则及中美领事条约有关规定，严重破坏中美关系。中方上述举措是对美方无理行径的正当和必要反应，符合国际法和国际关系基本准则，符合外交惯例。
On 21 July, the US launched a unilateral provocation by abruptly demanding that China close its Consulate General in Houston. The US move seriously breached international law, the basic norms of international relations, and the terms of the China-US Consular Convention. It gravely harmed China-US relations. The measure taken by China is a legitimate and necessary response to the unjustified act by the US. It conforms with international law, the basic norms of international relations, and customary diplomatic practices.

中美之间出现目前的局面，是中方不愿看到的，责任完全在美方。我们再次敦促美方立即撤销有关错误决定，为两国关系重归正常创造必要条件。
The current situation in China-US relations is not what China desires to see, and the US is responsible for all this. We once again urge the US to immediately retract its wrong decision and create necessary conditions for bringing the bilateral relationship back on track.

进口肉类食品 imported meat products

为科学指导肉类加工企业做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作，有针对性地提高肉类加工企业的防控意识和防控能力，国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组印发了《肉类加工企业新冠肺炎疫情防控指南》。

The National Health Commission has ordered meat processing plants in China to clearly identify the sources of their poultry and livestock meat and only accept imports that have obtained negative test results for the novel coronavirus.
国家卫健委要求肉类加工企业把好禽畜肉类来源的追溯关，进口畜禽肉类食品应当具备新冠病毒核酸检测阴性结果证明方可入厂。

Meat producers are also required to ramp up cleansing and disinfection of storage facilities, shipping vehicles, packaging and other equipment, the commission said in a guideline released on Thursday.
在7月23日发布的指南中，国家卫健委还要求肉类加工企业做好畜禽肉类食品转运存放区域、运输工具、货物外包装及其他相关用品用具的清洁和消毒。

近期，德国、英国等欧美国家肉类加工企业相继出现了新冠肺炎聚集性疫情（cluster outbreak），屠宰、分割、存储、包装等工作场所多为人员密集的低温封闭环境（crowded, cool and enclosed environment），存在较大的病毒传播风险。

To fend off the risk from overseas producers, the country has suspended meat imports from 23 foreign companies as of July 10, according to the General Administration of Customs.
为了遏制病毒通过海外厂家传播的风险，海关总署的信息显示，截至7月10日，我国已经暂停从23个国家进口肉类产品。

中高风险地区厂家每天采集5份样本进行核酸监测

According to the guideline, meat producers in medium-to high-risk areas are required to take five samples each from their slaughtering, dissecting and packaging plants for nucleic acid tests daily. Those in low-risk areas are required to collect environmental samples for tests at least once a week.
指南要求，中风险和高风险地区肉类加工企业应当每天在屠宰车间、分割肉车间、包装车间采集各5份环境标本进行核酸监测。低风险地区肉类加工企业应当每周至少进行一次采样监测。

工作人员防护

Workers should stay at least 1 meter from each other on top of taking regular personal protective measures, including taking temperatures, wearing masks and washing hands frequently.
除了测温、戴口罩以及勤洗手等常规防控举措以外，员工之间应当保持至少1米的安全距离。

异常状况处置

Facilities seeing confirmed infections will be shut down temporarily and workers identified as suspected cases or close contacts should undergo medical observations. Their workplaces or dormitories should also be locked down.
发现确诊病例的场所应暂时关闭，并对疑似病例和密切接触者进行医学观察，对其所在的车间和宿舍进行封闭。