《中国的核应急》白皮书双语全文

七、核应急科技创新
VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中国制定国家核应急工作规划，明确核应急领域科技创新目标要求、体制机制、人才建设、主要任务、保障措施等，取得一批科技创新成果，部分成果达到国际先进水平。
China has worked out a national plan for nuclear emergency preparedness work, which has clearly defined the targets, mechanism, training of professionals, main tasks and safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. New achievements have been made, and some of them have even reached the international advanced level.

核事故后果评价与决策支持系统开发。坚持技术引进与自主创新相结合，中国有关院校和科研院所，在事故源项估算、风场诊断与预报、气载放射性扩散、水体放射性扩散、核辐射医学应急分类及救援、放射性剂量估算等技术领域取得成果，为国家核应急决策提供了技术支持。
Development of nuclear accident consequence evaluation and decision-making support system. By insisting on the combination of technology introduction and self-reliant innovations, China's relevant universities and R&D institutes have made achievements in such technological areas as accident source term estimation, wind field diagnosis and forecast, airborne radioactive material dispersion, radioactive material dispersion in water bodies, nuclear radiation medicine emergency classification and treatment, radioactive dose estimation, etc., which have provided technical support for the state in decision making related to national nuclear emergency preparedness.

核应急基础技术研究。开展“华龙一号”反应堆、AP1000反应堆（美国先进压水堆）、EPR反应堆（欧洲压水堆）、高温气冷堆、快堆等三代、四代核电技术反应堆核应急技术与管理研究。针对多机组同时出现共模事故、内陆核电站严重事故源项分析、跨地区核应急准备、核燃料循环设施应急准备、核与辐射恐怖袭击事件应急处置等重大课题，持续开展研究，取得一批成果，促进了中国核应急基础技术水平的整体增强。
Basic research in nuclear emergency preparedness. Research in nuclear emergency preparedness technologies and management for third and fourth generation of nuclear power technologies, such as HPR1000, AP1000 (US Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor), EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors and fast reactors has been carried out. Studies are continuing on important subjects such as simultaneous common-mode failure for multiple units, severe accident source term analysis for inland nuclear power plants, inter-regional nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear fuel cycle facility emergency preparedness and emergency response to nuclear and radiological terrorist attacks, and some achievements have been made, uplifting as a whole the level of China's basic technologies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness.

核应急专用装备研发。重点推进核应急辐射监测、辐射防护、医学救援、去污洗消等装备研发和系统集成。自主研制车（船）载巡测设备、航空辐射监测系统、辐射监测与事故响应机器人等装备设备，以及车（船）载核应急指挥系统、核应急医学分类及监测平台、医疗支援系统等，并已装备各级核应急救援队。中国海关使用的门户式辐射探测设备全部由国内企业自主研发制造。
Research and development of nuclear emergency special equipment. Priority is given to the R&D (research and development) and SI (system integration) of equipment for nuclear emergency radiation monitoring, radiation protection, medical treatment and decontamination. Independently developed equipment includes vehicle (vessel)-mounted detection equipment, aviation radiation monitoring system, radiation monitoring and accident response robots and vehicle (vessel)-mounted nuclear emergency command system, and nuclear emergency medical assorting and monitoring platform and medical support system. Each level of nuclear emergency rescue team is equipped with such equipment and systems. All gate-frame walk-through radiation detectors used by China Customs are developed by domestic enterprises.

核应急信息化技术研究。开展核应急数据采集和传输标准化研究，建立健全全国核应急资源管理系统。研发核应急指挥信息化系统，创新核应急预案模块化、响应流程智能化、组织指挥可视化、辅助决策科学化等技术，实现日常管理与应急响应一体化，提高了核应急响应能力和组织指挥效率。
Research in nuclear emergency preparedness information technology. Studies on the standardization of nuclear emergency preparedness data collection and transfer have been conducted, and a nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness resources management system has been established and efforts are constantly made to improve it. Development of a nuclear emergency preparedness information system, innovative modularization of nuclear emergency preparedness plan, automation of response process, visualization of organization and command and auxiliary scientific decision-making have led to the integration of routine management with emergency response, which has also helped enhance nuclear emergency preparedness response capabilities and organizational efficiency.

核应急医疗救治技术研究。开展急性放射损伤诊治等技术研究，制定急性放射损伤诊断与治疗方案和救治指南。开展核辐射突发事件医学应急关键技术研究及其推广应用研究，研制适用于广大人群的核辐射事故生物剂量快速估算方法，优化重度、极重度急性骨髓型放射病患者的非清髓造血干细胞、间充质干细胞（MSC）联合移植救治模式，在放射病治疗中实现多项突破，以最大程度减少核辐射事故引起的人员伤亡。持续开展系统的间充质干细胞治疗核辐射损伤的基础与临床研究，创建了MSC联合造血干细胞治疗重度放射病的治疗新方案，其研究成果“成体干细胞救治放射损伤新技术的建立与应用”项目获得该领域首个国家科技进步一等奖。军队医疗机构研究创建了“三级处置、四级救治”体系化核应急医学应急救援能力建设模式。
Research in nuclear emergency preparedness medical treatment technology. Research on the technology of diagnosis and treatment for acute radiation injuries has been carried out, and guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and rescue for acute radiation injuries have been developed. Key technical and promotional application research in unexpected nuclear radiation events has resulted in the development of methods for rapid biological dose assessment for nuclear radiation accidents applicable for the general public, which has helped optimize non-myeloablative stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined transplantation treatment for severe and extremely severe bone marrow acute radiation patients. A number of breakthroughs in the treatment of radiation diseases have been achieved, leading to a reduction of casualties of nuclear radiation accidents to the maximum extent. With primary and clinical research on the treatment of radiation injuries by use of mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapy using transplantation of combined MSC and hematopoietic stem cells for severe radiation sickness has been created. The research achievement “Establishment and Application to Treat Radiation Diseases by Using Somatic Stem Cells” won a first prize for national science and technology improvement. A “three-level handling and four-level treatment” systemized nuclear emergency medical rescue capabilities development model has been developed by China's military medical research organizations.

公众风险沟通和心理援助研究。开展核突发事件（事故）情况下大范围公众群体危机心理援助技术研究，构建相关心理干预模型，提出应对预案、标准和实施指南。针对核辐射特点，研究编制核事故公众防护问与答、核与辐射事故医学应急等面向社会公众的应用丛书。
Research in public risk communication and psychological assistance. Research in mass psychological assistance techniques under circumstances of unexpected event (accident) has been conducted, and relevant psychological intervention models have been established, and countermeasures, criteria and implementation guidelines have been proposed. In view of the characteristics of nuclear radiation, Q&A publications in relation to nuclear accident protection and applied books on medical countermeasures in case of nuclear and radiological accidents geared toward the public have been compiled.

核应急环境气象创新性研究。持续研发并建设完善中国气象环境应急响应数值预报业务系统。通过技术引进和自主研发，改进升级核及危险化学品泄漏气象服务系统，完成大气扩散模式的精细化改进，全球模式分辨率由原来的85千米左右提高到30千米，中尺度区域模式分辨率由15千米提高到10千米，实现了对污染物扩散更加精细化模拟和预报。
Innovative research in nuclear emergency environmental meteorology. A numerical prediction system of China's meteorological environmental emergency response is being developed and improved. Following the upgrading of the meteorological service system for nuclear and hazardous chemicals leakage and improvement of atmospheric dispersion modeling by way of technology import and self-reliant R&D, the global mode resolution has been enhanced to 30km from about 85km, and medium-scale model resolution has been enhanced to 10km from 15km, realizing a more detailed and precise simulation and prediction of pollutant dispersion.

八、核应急国际合作与交流
VIII. International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Field of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中国是国际原子能机构成员国，始终致力于同各国一道推动建立国际核安全应急体系，促进各国共享和平利用核能事业成果，坚定不移支持和推进核应急领域国际合作与交流。中国与国际原子能机构等国际组织在核应急领域开展多层次、全方位合作，与世界有关国家核应急领域合作与交流不断拓展。
As a member state of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), China has always been, along with the other members, dedicated to promoting the development of an international nuclear safety emergency system and the sharing of achievements resulting from the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and unswervingly supports and facilitates international cooperation and exchange in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. China has launched multi-level and all-round cooperation in respect of nuclear emergency preparedness with international organizations, including the IAEA, and is stepping up collaboration and exchange in the field of nuclear emergencies with relevant countries.

积极加入相关国际公约。中国作为联合国常任理事国、国际原子能机构理事国，高度重视融入国际核安全应急体系。自1984年加入国际原子能机构以来，先后加入《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》《及早通报核事故公约》《核材料实物保护公约》《不扩散核武器条约》《核安全公约》《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》等国际公约。在这些公约机制内，中国始终致力于同各国一道推动建立和平、合作、共赢的国际核安全应急体系，充分发挥建设性作用。
Actively acceding to relevant international conventions. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a member of the Board of Governors of the IAEA, China lays great store by integrating itself into the international nuclear safety emergency system. Since joining the IAEA in 1984, China has acceded to a number of international conventions, including the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on Nuclear Safety, and International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Under these conventions, China has always been committed to playing a constructive role in promoting the establishment of a peaceful, cooperative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety emergency system in tandem with other countries.

积极履行核应急国际义务。中国支持国际原子能机构在促进核能与核技术应用、加强核安全、加强核应急、实施保障监督等领域发挥主导作用。中国积极履行有关国际公约规定的国际义务，响应国际原子能机构理事会、大会提出的各项倡议。中国代表团出席了历次国际原子能机构组织的核应急主管当局会议和核安全公约履约大会，负责任地提交核应急、核安全履约国家报告。多次参加国际原子能机构组织的公约演习活动。推荐中国核应急领域的专家学者数百人次参加国际原子能机构开展的工作，为全球核应急领域合作献计献策。2014年5月，中国加入“国际核应急响应与援助网络”，为国际社会核应急体系建设提供支持。
Actively fulfilling international obligations regarding nuclear emergency preparedness. China supports the IAEA's leading role in the fields of promoting nuclear energy and nuclear technology applications, strengthening nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, and implementing safeguard supervision. China actively undertakes the international obligations set out in the relevant international conventions, and responds to each initiative put forward by the Board of Governors and General Conference of the IAEA. Chinese delegations have attended all conferences on nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear safety convention obligation compliance organized by the IAEA, and submitted national reports on nuclear emergency preparedness and compliance with nuclear safety obligations, taking a responsible attitude. China has also, on numerous occasions, participated in exercises sponsored by the IAEA within the framework of the conventions. In addition, China has made contributions in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness to the whole world by recommending hundreds of Chinese experts and scholars in this field to participate in the work of the IAEA. In May 2014 China joined the International Nuclear Emergency Response and Assistance Network ― an act of support for the construction of the international nuclear emergency preparedness network.

积极开展双边交流。1984年以来，中国先后与巴西、阿根廷、英国、美国、韩国、俄罗斯、法国等30个国家签订双边核能合作协定，开展包括核应急在内的合作与交流。中国同美国合作在华建设核安保示范中心，为地区乃至国际核安保技术交流合作提供平台。在中美和平利用核能协定框架下，中国国家原子能机构与美国能源部联合举办核应急医学救援培训班、核应急后果评价研讨班等多种培训活动。在中俄总理定期会晤框架内设立中俄核问题分委会机制，定期研讨交流核应急领域合作与交流事宜。中国与法国建立中法核能合作协调委员会机制，与韩国建立中韩核能合作联委会机制，定期开展相关活动。中国援助巴基斯坦建设核电站，在核应急领域开展广泛深入的合作交流。
Actively conducting bilateral exchanges. Since 1984, China has successively entered into bilateral agreements on nuclear energy cooperation with 30 countries, including Brazil, Argentina, the UK, the US, ROK, Russia and France, and conducted cooperation and exchange which include nuclear emergency preparedness. China and the US have cooperated on the construction of the Center of Nuclear Security Excellence in China as a forum for technical exchange on nuclear security within the region and the rest of the world. Under the framework of the Sino-US agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA) and the US Department of Energy have jointly upheld a number of training activities, including a nuclear emergency medical rescue training program and a nuclear emergency consequence evaluation workshop. The Sino-Russian Sub-commission for Nuclear Issues was established within the framework of the Sino-Russian Prime Ministerial Regular Meeting, by which both sides conduct exchanges and cooperation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness on a regular basis. Furthermore, China has been involved in relevant activities on a regular basis with France and ROK, establishing the Sino-French Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation and Coordination with France and Sino-Korean Joint Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation with ROK, respectively. In addition to assisting Pakistan in building nuclear power stations, China has conducted extensive cooperation and exchanges with that country in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness.

积极拓展多边合作。中国坚持合作共赢原则，与各国开展核应急领域合作与交流。中国国家领导人先后出席2010年华盛顿核安全峰会、2012年首尔核安全峰会、2014年海牙核安全峰会，呼吁国际社会加强核安全应急管理、提升核安全应急能力、增强各国人民对实现持久核安全、对核能事业造福人类的信心。中国国家原子能机构以各种形式与国际原子能机构开展交流与合作，2014年7月，在福建举办“严重核事故下核应急准备与响应”亚太地区培训班，为11个国家和地区的专家提供交流平台；2015年10月，在首次全球核应急准备与响应大会上，中国与90多个与会国家和10多个国际组织共同分享核应急准备与响应的成就，介绍中国核应急方针政策。中国通过亚洲核安全网络、亚洲核合作论坛、亚太地区核技术合作协定等机制，在地区合作交流中积极发挥作用。中国于2004年1月正式加入世界卫生组织辐射应急医学准备与救援网络。中国持续举办核应急领域国际学术交流活动。中日韩建立核事故及早通报框架和专家交流机制，定期开展相关领域合作与交流。
Actively expanding multilateral cooperation. China conducts cooperation and exchange with other countries in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness, pursuing results that are beneficial to all involved. Chinese heads of state have appealed to the world community to strengthen nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness management, enhance nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities and boost the confidence of all peoples in achieving permanent nuclear security and the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind, at the 2010 Washington Nuclear Security Summit, 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit and 2014 Hague Nuclear Security Summit. The CAEA and IAEA have organized various forms of exchanges and cooperation, including “Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response under Circumstances of Severe Nuclear Accidents” training sessions for the Asia-Pacific Region held in July 2014 in China's Fujian, which served as a platform for exchanges among experts from 11 countries and regions. In October 2015 China shared its achievements in nuclear emergency preparedness and response with around 90 participating countries and a dozen international organizations, and briefed them China's policies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness at the First International Conference on Global Nuclear Emergency Preparation and Response. China plays an active role in regional exchange and cooperation through such mechanisms as the Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN), Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia and Cooperation Agreement on Nuclear Technology in the Asia-Pacific Region. In January 2004 China officially joined the Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network of the World Health Organization (REMPAN). China itself has successively upheld international academic exchange activities in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. China, Japan and ROK have established a framework of early notification of nuclear accidents and a mechanism of expert exchange for cooperation and exchange in the relevant fields on a regular basis.

积极开展应对福岛核事故合作交流。中国是日本的近邻，对福岛核事故尤为关切。在第一时间启动核应急响应机制、开展本国应对工作的同时，积极履行《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》国际义务，向日本政府表明提供辐射监测、医疗救护等援助的意愿。2011年5月，应日本政府邀请，中国组织专家代表团赴日本，就福岛核事故进行交流，提出处置意见建议。中国还选派权威专家参加国际原子能机构福岛核事故评估团，开展福岛核事故影响评估。福岛核事故发生后四年多来，中国政府机关、企事业单位、大专院校、科研院所，以各种形式与国际组织合作，总结探讨后福岛时代核应急领域重大问题。这些合作交流活动，既促进了中国核应急的改进提高，也促进了国际社会对福岛核事故的经验反馈。
Actively carrying out cooperation and exchange in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident. As a close neighbor of Japan, China was especially concerned about the Fukushima nuclear accident. It immediately activated its nuclear emergency preparedness and response mechanism and countermeasures, while expressing willingness to the Japanese government to offer radiation monitoring and medical aid by fulfilling its international obligations under the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In May 2011, at the invitation of the Japanese government, China organized a delegation of experts to visit Japan to conduct focused exchanges with their Japanese counterparts on the Fukushima nuclear accident, and put forward suggestions for the handling of it. Furthermore, China dispatched senior experts to join the IAEA's Fukushima Nuclear Accident Assessment Team to evaluate the impact from the Fukushima accident. In the past four years or so since the Fukushima nuclear accident, Chinese government organs, enterprises and institutions, colleges and universities and R&D institutes have conducted various forms of collaboration with international organizations in summing up and discussing important issues in relation to post-Fukushima nuclear emergency preparedness. These activities not only have helped China improve its nuclear emergency work, but also have helped the international community in accessing experience feedback from the Fukushima nuclear accident.

积极响应国际原子能机构核安全行动计划。福岛核事故后，国际原子能机构发布《核安全行动计划》，为国际社会改进核应急工作提供借鉴。中国参考新的标准和理念，全面改进国家核应急准备与响应工作；充实增加国家核安全核应急监管力量和技术支持力量；全面检查所有核设施营运单位核应急工作，按照新的标准完善应急措施；加强顶层设计，进行统筹规划，建立健全核应急能力体系。中国坚持采用最先进的技术、执行最严格的标准，全面提升核应急管理，努力把核应急提高到新水平。
Actively responding to the IAEA's Action Plan on Nuclear Safety. The IAEA published the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident to serve as reference for all countries in improving their respective nuclear emergency work. Consulting the new criteria and concepts, China has comprehensively improved its nuclear emergency preparation and response mechanism by enhancing supervision and technical support for national nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, conducting inspections on nuclear emergency work of all operators of nuclear installations, perfecting emergency measures in accordance with the new criteria and strengthening top-tier design and planning to establish a robust nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities system. China is endeavoring to upgrade its nuclear emergency work to a new level by persisting in using state-of-the-art technology, upholding the most rigorous criteria and enforcing nuclear emergency management in a comprehensive manner.

结束语
Conclusion

贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享发展理念，坚定不移推进核能事业发展，是中国的重要战略选择。发展核能事业的步伐不停止，加强核应急的步伐就不会停止。中国将不断加强和改进核应急工作，为核能事业安全高效、持续健康发展提供坚强保障。
China will continue to press forward with the development of nuclear energy as an important strategic choice for promoting economic and social development in line with the ideas of innovation, coordination, greening, openness and shared development. As long as China continues to develop nuclear energy, it will never relent in its efforts to further strengthen its nuclear emergency preparedness. China will spare no effort to improve this work on a continuing basis to provide a robust bulwark in support of the safe, efficient, sustainable and healthy development of the nuclear energy sector.

在未来，中国将坚持总体国家安全观和理性、协调、并进的核安全观，多措并举，综合施策，不断增强核安全应急能力，扎实做好核应急工作。坚持发展与安全并重，以安全为前提发展核能事业，使核应急与核能发展协调并进；坚持能力与需求匹配，适应核能事业发展要求，不断提升核应急能力，确保核应急响应及时有效；坚持国内与国际交流，继续深化核应急领域国际合作，推进建立面向未来的国际核安全应急体系，国际社会共享和平利用核能事业成果；坚持当前与长远兼顾，着眼中国和世界核能事业发展大势，前瞻谋划核应急工作，确保筹划在先、准备在先、预防在先，增强主动性、掌握主动权。
In future, while adhering to the concept of overall national security and the nuclear safety concept of rational, coordinated and tandem development, China will take multiple and comprehensive measures to enhance its nuclear safety emergency capabilities and ensure its nuclear emergency preparedness at all times. China will continue to place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop nuclear energy on the premise of safety, strengthen coordinated improvement in nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear energy development to ensure that each and every action item of nuclear emergency preparedness is fully implemented. China will persist in matching capacity to demand, meet the requirements of nuclear energy development in terms of situation and tasks, continuously enhance its national nuclear emergency capabilities, and ensure that its nuclear emergency response is timely and effective. Meanwhile, China will persist in domestic and international exchange by continuing to deepen international cooperation in respect of nuclear emergency preparedness to promote the establishment of an international nuclear safety emergency preparedness system with an eye to the future, and share with the international community its achievements in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. China will persist in giving equal attention to present and long-term development, keep in perspective the megatrends of nuclear energy development at home and abroad, plan nuclear emergency preparedness in a forward-looking manner, and ensure that efforts in respect of planning, preparation and prevention are made in advance so that we can always take the initiative in case of any emergencies.

中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展也离不开中国。中国将积极参与构建国际核安全应急体系，与国际社会一道，共同解决核应急领域面临的重大课题。中国有信心、有能力不断提升核应急准备与响应水平，为实现持久核安全、实现核能事业造福人类作出贡献。
China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity without China. China will take an active part in constructing an international nuclear safety emergency system, and join hands with the nations of the rest of the world to tackle the important issues facing nuclear emergency preparedness. China has the confidence and ability to enhance its nuclear emergency preparedness and responses to realize permanent nuclear safety and achieve the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind.

（来源：新华网，编辑：Helen）