国防白皮书：中国武装力量的多样化运用（中英对照）

四、保障国家经济社会发展

IV. Supporting National Economic and Social Development

保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，全心全意为人民服务，是宪法和法律赋予中国武装力量的重要任务。中国武装力量服从服务于国家改革发展大局，积极参加国家建设和抢险救灾，依法维护社会和谐稳定，努力保障国家发展利益。

The Constitution and relevant laws entrust China's armed forces with the important tasks of safeguarding the peaceful labor of the Chinese people, taking part in national development and serving the people wholeheartedly. Subordinate to and serving the overall situation of national reform and development, the armed forces of China actively participate in national development, emergency rescue and disaster relief, maintain social harmony and stability according to law, and endeavor to protect national development interests.

参加国家建设

Participating in National Development

军队和武警部队在完成教育训练、战备执勤、科研试验等任务的前提下，围绕国家和地方经济社会发展规划部署，坚持把地方所需、群众所盼和部队所能结合起来，充分利用人才、装备、技术、基础设施等方面的资源和优势，积极支援地方基础设施重点工程、生态环境建设和社会主义新农村建设，扎实做好扶贫帮困、助学兴教、医疗扶持等工作，为促进地方经济发展、社会和谐、民生改善作出重要贡献。

Under the precondition of accomplishing such tasks as education, training, combat readiness duties, and scientific research and experiments, the PLA and PAPF center their efforts on national and local plans and arrangements for economic and social development; persist in combining PLA and PAPF capabilities with local governments' needs and local people's expectations; make full use of their resources and advantages in personnel, equipment, technology and infrastructure; actively support local key infrastructure projects, ecological environment conservation and new socialist rural area development; and take solid steps to support poverty-alleviation initiatives, give financial aid to education and provide medical service support. They thereby make significant contributions to promoting local economic development, social harmony and the improvement of people's livelihood.

援建基础设施重点工程。发挥水电、交通、工程、测绘等专业部队的优势，支援国家和各地交通、水利、能源、通信等关系国计民生的基础设施建设。２０１１年以来，共投入劳动日１５００多万个，动用机械车辆１２０多万台次，援建机场、公路、铁路、水利枢纽等省以上重点工程３５０多项。武警水电部队先后参加云南糯扎渡、四川锦屏、西藏旁多等水利水电和铁路、天然气管道工程建设１１５项。武警交通部队承建新疆天山公路、甘肃洛塘河特大双层桥梁、西藏墨脱公路嘎隆拉隧道等１７２个项目，建设里程３２５０公里。

Supporting key infrastructure projects. China's armed forces bring into full play the advantages of hydroelectric, transportation, engineering and cartographic units, and support national and local infrastructure construction related to national economy and people's livelihood in such areas as transportation, water conservancy, energy and communications. Since 2011, the PLA and PAPF have contributed more than 15 million work days and over 1.2 million motor vehicles and machines, and have been involved in more than 350 major province-level (and above) projects of building airports, highways, railways and water conservancy facilities. The PAPF hydroelectric units have partaken in the construction of 115 projects concerning water conservancy, hydropower, railways and gas pipelines in Nuozhadu (Yunnan), Jinping (Sichuan) and Pangduo (Tibet). In addition, PAPF transportation units have undertaken the construction of 172 projects, including highways in the Tianshan Mountains in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the double-deck viaduct bridge over the Luotang River in Gansu Province and the Galungla Tunnel along the Medog Highway in the Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,250 km.

参加生态建设和环境保护。成建制组织部队和民兵预备役人员参加荒山绿化、防沙治沙、湿地生态保护等工作，支援京津风沙源治理、环塔克拉玛干沙漠绿化、长江黄河中上游生态保护、西藏“一江两河”治理等国家重点生态区和生态工程建设。两年来，共植树１４００多万株，成片造林、飞播造林和绿化荒山荒滩３００多万亩。测绘、气象、给水等技术部队还为地方提供大地勘测、气象水文预报、水源探测等服务。

Promoting ecological progress and protecting the environment. The PLA, militia and reserve organic troops are organized to help afforest barren hills, control desertification and preserve wetlands. Specifically, they have supported the construction of key national reserves and ecological engineering projects such as controlling the sources of sandstorms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, afforesting the periphery of the Taklimakan Desert, protecting the ecological environment of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtse and Yellow rivers, and harnessing the Yarlung Zangbo, Lhasa and Nyangqu rivers in Tibet. Over the past two years, the PLA and PAPF have planted over 14 million trees, and afforested above three million mu of barren hills and beaches by large-scale planting and aerial seeding. Besides, technical units specializing in cartography, meteorology, and water supply provide such services as cartographic surveying, weather and hydrological forecasting, and water source exploration for local people.

扶贫帮困和支援新农村建设。各部队先后与６３个贫困县、５４７个贫困乡镇建立帮扶关系，共建立扶贫联系点２．６万个，支援农田水利、乡村道路、小流域治理等小型工程建设２万多个，扶持发展优势特色产业１０００多项，帮助４０多万贫困群众脱贫致富。北京军区给水工程团先后在云南、广西、山东、河北、内蒙古、贵州等地支援地方找水打井，共打井３５８眼，解决了９６万人生活用水及８．５万亩农田灌溉用水问题。兰州军区给水工程团实施“百井支农富民”工程，在宁夏中南部干旱带找水打井１９２眼，缓解了３９万人、５７万头牲畜饮水和３．７万亩农田灌溉用水问题。

Contributing to poverty-alleviation initiatives and helping build new rural areas. The PLA and PAPF have paired up with 63 poverty-stricken counties and 547 poverty-stricken towns and townships; set up 26,000 places of contact for poverty reduction; supported over 20,000 small projects such as constructing irrigation and water-conservancy facilities, building rural roads, and improving small river valley areas; aided the development of more than 1,000 industries; and helped over 400,000 needy people shake off poverty. The Beijing Military Area Command's water-supply engineering regiment has helped local governments to search for water and dig wells in Yunnan, Shandong, Hebei and Guizhou provinces, as well as the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and dug 358 wells, solving the domestic water shortage for 960,000 people and the problem of irrigation for 85,000 mu of farmland.

Implementing the project of "digging wells to enrich farmers," the Lanzhou Military Area Command's water-supply engineering regiment has explored water sources and dug 192 wells in the arid zone in the middle and southern parts of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and alleviated drinking water shortages for 390,000 people and 570,000 head of livestock and the problem of irrigation for 37,000 mu of farmland.

支持科技教育文化卫生事业。２０１１─２０１２年，军队院校、科研单位和专业技术部队共承担国家重大专项、科技支撑计划等课题研究２００多项，参与科技攻关２２０项，转让科技成果１８０项。军队和武警部队１０８所医院对口支援西部贫困地区县级医院１３０所，军以下医疗卫生单位对口帮扶乡镇卫生院（所）１２８３个。２００９—２０１２年，在新疆、西藏等西部少数民族地区集中援建“八一爱民学校”５７所，解决了３万多名学生入学问题。

Supporting scientific and technological, educational, cultural and health undertakings.

From 2011 to 2012, military academies, research institutions and specialized technical units undertook more than 200 research subjects, including national major projects and key technology R&D programs; participated in 220 projects tackling key scientific and technological problems; and transferred 180 technologies.

A total of 108 PLA and PAPF hospitals have paired up with 130 county-level hospitals in poverty-stricken areas in the western parts of the country, while medical and health units below the corps level have paired up with 1,283 clinics and health centers in towns and townships.

From 2009 to 2012, the armed forces financed and built 57 "August 1" schools, particularly in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the western parts of the country, such as Xinjiang and Tibet, providing schooling for over 30,000 children.

参加抢险救灾

Participating in Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief

中国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一，灾害种类多，分布地域广，发生频率高，给国家经济建设和人民群众生命财产安全带来严重危害。中国武装力量始终是抢险救灾的突击力量，承担最紧急、最艰难、最危险的救援任务。依据２００５年颁布的《军队参加抢险救灾条例》，军队和武警部队主要担负解救、转移或者疏散受困人员，保护重要目标安全，抢救、运送重要物资，参加道路（桥梁、隧道）抢修、海上搜救、核生化救援、疫情控制、医疗救护等专业抢险，排除或者控制其他危重险情、灾情，协助地方人民政府开展灾后重建工作等任务。

China is one of the countries most vulnerable to natural disasters. With more varieties, wide distribution and high frequency, natural disasters endanger China's economic and social development as well as the lives and property of many Chinese people.

The armed forces of China have always acted as the shock force in emergency rescue and disaster relief, and always undertaken the most urgent, arduous and hazardous rescue tasks.

According to the Regulations on the PLA's Participation in Disaster Rescue promulgated in 2005, the PLA and PAPF are mainly tasked with rescuing and evacuating the trapped; ensuring the security of important facilities and areas; salvaging and transporting important materials; participating in specialized operations such as rush repairs of roads, bridges and tunnels, maritime search and rescue, NBC rescue, epidemic control, and medical aid; eliminating or controlling other major dangers and disasters; and assisting local governments in post-disaster reconstruction.

军队和武警部队与各级人民政府建立完善应对自然灾害军地协调联动机制，建成战略级移动应急指挥平台，在重点地区预储预置抢险救灾急需物资器材，编制修订团以上部队抢险救灾应急预案，组织军地抢险救灾联训联演，全面提高抢险救灾能力。目前，已组建抗洪抢险应急部队、地震灾害紧急救援队、核生化应急救援队、空中紧急运输服务队、交通电力应急抢险队、海上应急搜救队、应急机动通信保障队、医疗防疫救援队、气象保障应急专业队等９类５万人的国家级应急专业力量。各军区会同有关省（自治区、直辖市），依托现役和预备役部队组建４．５万人的省级应急专业力量。

The PLA, PAPF and people's governments at various levels have established military-civilian joint response mechanisms for natural disasters, set up a mobile command platform for emergency response at the strategic level, pre-stored and pre-positioned in key areas materials and equipment urgently needed for emergency rescue and disaster relief, worked out relevant scenarios for units at and above the regiment level, and organized joint military-civilian exercises and training, thereby enhancing their capabilities for emergency rescue and disaster relief in all respects.

So far, China has formed nine state-level professional teams, with a total membership of 50,000.

They are emergency-response teams for flood relief, earthquake rescue, NBC defense, emergency airlift, rush repair of transportation and power facilities, maritime search and rescue, mobile communications support, medical aid and epidemic prevention, and meteorological support. In collaboration with relevant provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government) and based on active and reserve forces, all MACs have joined to set up professional emergency-rescue units at the provincial level, totaling 45,000 members.

中国武装力量在历次重大抢险救灾中，都发挥了生力军和突击队作用。２００８年，出动１２６万名官兵和民兵预备役人员抗击南方严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害，２２．１万人参加四川汶川特大地震抗震救灾。２０１０年，投入２．１万人参加青海玉树强烈地震抗震救灾，１．２万人参加甘肃舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害抢险救援。２０１１年以来，军队和武警部队共出动兵力３７万人，各型车辆（机械）１９．７万台次、飞机和直升机２２５架次，组织民兵预备役人员８７万人，参加抗洪、抗震、抗旱、防凌、防台风和灭火等抢险救灾行动，抢救转移群众２４５万人，抢运物资１６万吨。陆军航空兵直升机每年出动数百架次担负森林和草原防火、救火任务，并实现常态化。

In all major emergency-rescue and disaster-relief operations, China's armed forces have always played a vital role.

In 2008, some 1.26 million officers and men as well as militia members were sent to counter the disaster of freezing weather, sleet and snowstorms in southern China, and 221,000 to participate in rescue after the devastating earthquake in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. In 2010, some 21,000 and 12,000 armed forces members were dispatched respectively to take part in rescue after the Yushu (Qinghai Province) earthquake and the Zhouqu (Gansu Province) mud-rock slide.

Since 2011, the PLA and PAPF have contributed a total of 370,000 servicepersons and 197,000 vehicles or other machines of various types, flown over 225 sorties (using fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters), organized 870,000 militiamen and reservists, participated in emergency-rescue and disaster-relief operations in cases of floods, earthquakes, droughts, ice jams, typhoons and fires, rescued or evacuated more than 2.45 million people, and rushed 160,000 tons of goods to disaster areas.

Every year, the army aviation flies hundreds of sorties to prevent and fight forest and grassland fires on a regular basis.

维护社会稳定

Maintaining Social Stability

中国武装力量依照法律法规参加维护社会秩序行动，防范和打击恐怖活动。武警部队是国家处置公共突发事件、维护社会稳定的骨干和突击力量。２００９年８月颁布实施的《中华人民共和国人民武装警察法》，明确了武警部队执行安全保卫任务的范围、措施和保障办法。武警部队构建以机动兵力为主体、以执勤部队抽组兵力为补充、以警种部队和院校兵力为支援的处突维稳力量体系，完善以国家级反恐队、省级特勤中队、市级特勤排、县级应急班为主体的四级反恐力量体系。扎实做好重大活动安保工作，严格执行现场警卫、人员安检、重要目标守卫、要道设卡和城市武装巡逻等任务。２０１１─２０１２年，有效应对和处置各类突发事件，配合公安机关成功处置多起暴力恐怖袭击事件，参与处置劫持人质等严重暴力事件６８起，解救人质６２人。先后完成第２６届世界大学生夏季运动会、中国—亚欧博览会、上海合作组织北京峰会等重大活动安保任务，累计用兵１６０多万人次。

In accordance with relevant laws and regulations, the armed forces of China participate in social order maintenance, and guard and fight against terrorist activities.

The PAPF is the state's backbone and shock force in handling public emergencies and maintaining social stability.

The Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Armed Police Force, promulgated in August 2009, specifies the scope, measures and support of PAPF security missions.

With mobile PAPF troops as the mainstay, supplemented by forces pooled from routine duty units, and supported by various police forces and PAPF academies, the PAPF has established a force structure for stability maintenance and emergency response.

In addition, a counter-terrorism force structure has been set up, which consists of a counter-terrorism contingent, special-duty squadrons, special-duty platoons and emergency-response squads at state, province, municipality and county levels, respectively. Solid steps have been taken to implement strict security measures for major events, including guard duties, security checks, security of important facilities and areas, checkpoints on major roads, and armed urban patrols. From 2011 to 2012, the PAPF effectively responded to and handled various emergencies, coordinated with public security organs to successfully handle some violent and terrorist attacks, and participated in handling 68 incidents of serious violence, and rescuing 62 hostages.

Altogether contributing more than 1.6 million persons, the PAPF has provided security for such important events as the 26th Summer Universiade (Shenzhen, 2011), China-Eurasia Expo (Urumqi, 2011) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Beijing Summit (2012).

人民解放军派出相关力量协助公安、武警部队完成重大活动安保任务。陆军主要承担防范恐怖活动、核化生爆检测、医疗救援等任务，海军主要承担排除水域安全隐患、防范来自海上恐怖袭击等任务，空军主要承担保卫重大活动举办地和周边地区空中安全等任务。近年来，人民解放军先后参加北京奥运会、国庆６０周年庆典、上海世博会、广州亚运会等重大活动的安保行动，共出动兵力１４．５万人，动用飞机和直升机３６５架、舰船１４８艘、雷达５５４部。

The PLA also assists public security and PAPF forces in providing security for major events. The PLAA is mainly tasked with counter-terrorism, NBC and explosive item checks, and medical aid.

The PLAN is mainly responsible for guarding against potential maritime threats and terrorist attacks. The PLAAF is mainly charged with providing air security for major event venues and their adjacent areas. In recent years, contributing 145,000 servicepersons, 365 fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, 148 ships and 554 sets of radar equipment, the PLA provided security for the Beijing Olympics, celebrations of the PRC's 60th founding anniversary, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games.

民兵是维护社会稳定的一支重要力量，按照法律规定协助维护社会秩序，在地方党委、政府的统一部署和军事机关的指挥下，参加治安联防、社会管理综合治理、重大活动安保等行动。每年有９万多人执行守护桥梁、隧道和铁路线等任务。

The militia is an important force for maintaining social stability. It assists in the maintenance of social order in accordance with laws and regulations.

Under the unified arrangements of local CPC committees and governments as well as the guidance of corresponding military organs, the militia participates in joint defense of public security, integrated social management, and security provision for major events. Each year, more than 90,000 militiamen carry out the task of guarding bridges, tunnels and railways.

驻香港、澳门部队是中央人民政府派驻香港、澳门特别行政区的部队，依法履行防务职责。香港、澳门驻军法规定，特区政府在必要时可以向中央人民政府请求驻军协助维持社会治安和救助灾害。驻香港、澳门部队适时组织联合海空巡逻和年度演习演练活动，参与特区政府组织的海上空难搜救联合演习，圆满完成北京奥运会香港赛区及香港、澳门回归庆典活动安保任务。

Hong Kong and Macao garrison troops are dispatched by the central government to the two special administrative regions (SARs) to perform defense duties according to law.

As stipulated by the garrison laws, the governments of Hong Kong and Macao SARs may, if necessary, request the central government for the assistance of the garrison troops in maintaining social order and providing disaster relief.

Hong Kong and Macao garrison troops organize joint air-sea patrols, conduct annual exercises and drills, and participate in joint exercises held by the SAR governments for air-sea search and rescue operations.

They succeeded in providing security for the Hong Kong venue of the Beijing Olympics (2008) and anniversary celebrations of the SARs' returning to the motherland.

维护海洋权益

V. Safeguarding Maritime Rights and Interests

中国是陆海兼备的大国，海洋是中国实现可持续发展的重要空间和资源保障，关系人民福祉，关乎国家未来。开发、利用和保护海洋，建设海洋强国，是国家重要发展战略。坚决维护国家海洋权益，是人民解放军的重要职责。

China is a major maritime as well as land country. The seas and oceans provide immense space and abundant resources for China's sustainable development, and thus are of vital importance to the people's wellbeing and China's future.

It is an essential national development strategy to exploit, utilize and protect the seas and oceans, and build China into a maritime power. It is an important duty for the PLA to resolutely safeguard China's maritime rights and interests.

海军结合日常战备为国家海上执法、渔业生产和油气开发等活动提供安全保障，分别与海监、渔政等执法部门建立协调配合机制，建立完善军警民联防机制。协同地方有关部门开展海洋测绘与科学调查，建设海洋气象监测、卫星导航、无线电导航及助航标志系统，及时发布气象和船舶航行等相关信息，建立和完善管辖海域内的航行安全保障体系。

In combination with its routine combat readiness activities, the PLAN provides security support for China's maritime law enforcement, fisheries, and oil and gas exploitation. It has established mechanisms to coordinate and cooperate with law-enforcement organs of marine surveillance and fishery administration, as well as a joint military-police-civilian defense mechanism.

Further, the PLAN has worked in coordination with relevant local departments to conduct maritime survey and scientific investigation; build systems of maritime meteorological observation, satellite navigation, radio navigation and navigation aids; release timely weather and sea traffic information; and ensure the safe flow of traffic in sea areas of responsibility.

海军与海监、渔政部门多次举行海上联合维权执法演习演练，不断提高军地海上联合维权斗争指挥协同和应急处置能力。２０１２年１０月，在东海海域举行“东海协作—２０１２”海上联合维权演习，共有１１艘舰船、８架飞机参演。

Together with the marine surveillance and fishery administration departments, the PLAN has conducted joint maritime exercises and drills for protecting rights and enforcing laws, and enhanced its capabilities to coordinate command and respond to emergencies in joint military-civilian operations to safeguard maritime rights.

The "Donghai Collaboration-2012" joint exercise was held in the East China Sea in October 2012, involving 11 ships and eight planes.

公安边防部队作为海上重要武装执法力量，对发生在我国内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架违反公安行政管理法律、法规、规章的违法行为或者涉嫌犯罪的行为行使管辖权。近年来，公安边防部队大力开展平安海区建设，加强北部湾海上边界和西沙海域巡逻监管，有效维护了海上治安稳定。

As an important armed maritime law-enforcement body, the border public security force exercises jurisdiction over both violations of laws, rules and regulations relating to public security administration and suspected crimes committed in China's internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf.

In recent years, the border public security force has endeavored to guarantee the security of sea areas, strengthened patrols, surveillance and management along the sea boundary in the Beibu Gulf and around the Xisha sea areas, and effectively maintained maritime public order and stability.

维护海外利益

Protecting Overseas Interests

随着中国经济逐步融入世界经济体系，海外利益已经成为中国国家利益的重要组成部分，海外能源资源、海上战略通道以及海外公民、法人的安全问题日益凸显。开展海上护航、撤离海外公民、应急救援等海外行动，成为人民解放军维护国家利益和履行国际义务的重要方式。

With the gradual integration of China's economy into the world economic system, overseas interests have become an integral component of China's national interests.

Security issues are increasingly prominent, involving overseas energy and resources, strategic sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and Chinese nationals and legal persons overseas.

Vessel protection at sea, evacuation of Chinese nationals overseas, and emergency rescue have become important ways and means for the PLA to safeguard national interests and fulfill China's international obligations.

根据联合国安理会有关决议并经索马里过渡联邦政府同意，中国政府于２００８年１２月２６日派遣海军舰艇编队赴亚丁湾、索马里海域实施护航。主要任务是保护中国航经该海域的船舶、人员安全，保护世界粮食计划署等国际组织运送人道主义物资船舶的安全，并尽可能为航经该海域的外国船舶提供安全掩护。截至２０１２年１２月，共派出１３批３４艘次舰艇、２８架次直升机、９１０名特战队员，完成５３２批４９８４艘中外船舶护航任务，其中中国大陆１５１０艘、香港地区９４０艘、台湾地区７４艘、澳门地区１艘；营救遭海盗登船袭击的中国船舶２艘，解救被海盗追击的中国船舶２２艘。

In line with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and with the consent of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Chinese government dispatched a combined naval task force to conduct escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia on December 26, 2008.

The combined Chinese task forces are mainly charged with safeguarding the security of Chinese ships and personnel traversing those waters and the security of ships delivering humanitarian supplies for the World Food Programme (WFP) and other international organizations, and sheltering passing foreign vessels as far as possible.

As of December 2012, the Chinese Navy has dispatched, in 13 task groups, 34 warships, 28 helicopters, and 910 Special Operations Force (SOF) soldiers, escorting 4,984 ships in 532 batches. Among them, 1,510 were Chinese mainland ships, 940 Hong Kong ships, 74 Taiwan ships and one Macao ship. The task forces also rescued two Chinese ships from pirates who had boarded them and 22 which were being chased by pirates.

２０１１年２月，利比亚局势急剧动荡，在利比亚的中资机构、企业和人员面临重大安全威胁。中国政府组织了新中国成立以来最大规模的撤离海外公民行动，共撤出３５８６０人。人民解放军派出舰艇、飞机协助在利比亚人员回国。海军执行亚丁湾、索马里海域护航任务的“徐州”号导弹护卫舰赴利比亚附近海域，为撤离中国受困人员的船舶提供支援和保护。空军紧急出动飞机４架，共飞行４０架次，协助１６５５名受困人员（含２４０名尼泊尔人）从利比亚转移至苏丹，接运２８７人从苏丹回国。

In February 2011, the turbulent situation in Libya posed grave security threats to Chinese institutions, enterprises and nationals in that country.

The Chinese government organized the largest overseas evacuation since the founding of the PRC, and 35,860 Chinese nationals were taken home. The PLA contributed ships and aircraft to the effort. The Chinese Navy' s frigate Xuzhou, on escort mission in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia at that time, sailed to the waters off Libya and provided support for ships evacuating Chinese nationals stranded there. The PLAAF sent four aircraft at short notice, flew 40 sorties, evacuated 1,655 people (including 240 Nepalese) from Libya to Sudan, and took 287 Chinese nationals from Sudan back home.