2019年7月新闻热词汇总
中国日报网 2019-08-01 09:40
7月,北上广等城市实施国六排放标准;北京也开始推行垃圾强制分类;支付宝刷脸支付应网友要求推出美颜功能;良渚古城遗址入选联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录;教育部表示将进一步推动来华留学生与中国学生的管理和服务趋同化;《长安十二时辰》热播带火西安取景地旅游;本月起,我国高校不再招收第二学士学位生。
国六排放标准 China VI vehicle emission standards
Sales and registrations of new vehicles in regions including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hebei province and Guangdong province now have to comply with the "China VI" vehicle emission standards, which is believed to be one of the world's strictest rules on automobile pollutants.
北京、上海、天津、河北、广东等地区销售和登记注册的新车都需符合国六排放标准,该标准被认为是全世界最严格的机动车污染物排放标准之一。
【知识点】
国六排放标准(China VI vehicle emission standards)全称为“国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准(China's stage 6 vehicle emission standards)”,分为对轻型车以及重型柴油车两类标准,全称分别为《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段)(Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles)》,以及重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段)(Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles)》。由环境保护部、国家质检总局分别于2016年12月23日、2018年6月22日发布。其中,轻型汽车(light-duty vehicles)指包括轻型汽油车(light-duty gasoline vehicles)、轻型燃气车(light-duty natural gas vehicles)、轻型柴油车(light-duty diesel vehicles)和轻型两用燃料汽车(light-duty dual-fuel vehicles)。轻型车国六标准采用分步实施的方式,设置国六a和国六b两个排放限值方案,分别于2020年和2023年实施。
自2019年7月1日起,北京市重型燃气车(heavy-duty natural gas vehicles)以及公交和环卫重型柴油车(heavy-duty diesel buses and cleaning vehicles)执行国六b排放标准;自2020年1月1日起,轻型汽油车(light-duty gasoline vehicles)和重型柴油车(heavy-duty diesel vehicles)执行国六b排放标准。
According to official data, emissions from some 6.21 million vehicles were responsible for 45 percent of Beijing's concentration of small, breathable particles known as PM2.5, a key indicator of air pollution.
官方数据显示,目前北京市机动车保有量近621万辆,从北京市新一轮的细颗粒物(PM2.5)来源解析看,本地排放贡献中移动源污染占比最大,达45%。
相比国五标准,轻型车国六b标准限值加严了40%至50%;增加了实际道路行驶排放控制要求(real-world driving emission requirements);蒸发排放控制要求更加严格(evaporative emission-control requirements),排放限值降低了65%,需安装车载加油油气回收系统(OR VR),对加油过程的油气排放进行控制(refueling emission control);同时增加了排放质保期的要求,低温排放试验一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢(HC)限值(low-temperature testing requirement and emission limits for CO and THC)加严1/3,并引入了严格的车载诊断系统(on-board diagnostics)控制要求。
重型车国六b标准与国五标准相比,大幅加严了污染物排放限值,氮氧化物(NOx)加严了77%,颗粒物(Particle Matter)加严了67%,新增颗粒物个数(particulate number)和氨(ammonia)的限值,此外,提出更加严格的自动监控要求和排放油耗联合管控的要求。
2018年6月27日,国务院正式印发《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》,对积极调整运输结构(adjust transportation systems),发展绿色交通体系(advance green transport)等方面做出要求。其中提出:“2019年7月1日起,重点区域、珠三角地区、成渝地区提前实施国六排放标准。推广使用达到国六排放标准的燃气车辆。”
据统计,截至目前全国范围已有15个省、直辖市出台了国六排放标准提前实施的文件。
数据安全检查 data security checks
The four-stage campaign aims to finish data security checks on all telecom companies, 50 major internet companies and 200 popular applications by the end of October, according to an action plan released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
工信部发布的行动方案分为四个阶段,今年10月底前完成全部基础电信企业、50家重点互联网企业以及200款主流App数据安全检查。
【单词讲解:security和safety的区别】
Security强调的是免受来自外部或内部“蓄意或恶意”的伤害,采取必要的措施防止这样的伤害发生,确保国家、组织或个人正常运转,比如:national security(国家安全)、public security(公共安全),以及这里提到的data security(数据安全)。
Safety强调的是一个系统、组织或个人按照自己的机制正常运转的“稳定状态”。单位的“生产安全”是work safety,工厂里时常挂着的横幅上写的“安全第一”就是safety first。因为安全生产的所有保障措施都是为了让工厂的生产正常进行,避免发生工人意外受伤的事件。
“食品安全”在英语里有两个对应的表达,分别是food security和food safety。Food security强调的是确保人们都能得到维持健康生活所需要的粮食,主要跟粮食的供应和人们获取的渠道有关;而food safety强调的是确保人们吃进嘴里的食物在生产、存储和销售等环节都符合卫生健康标准。
方案明确了本次专项行动的目标,即通过集中开展数据安全合规性评估(data security and compliance assessment)、专项治理和监督检查(targeted management and inspection),督促基础电信企业和重点互联网企业强化网络数据安全全流程管理,及时整改消除重大数据泄露、滥用等安全隐患(eliminate security risks including data leakage and data abuse)。
同时,基本建立行业网络数据安全保障体系(an industry data security protection mechanism)。
网络数据安全制度标准体系进一步完善,形成行业网络数据保护目录(data protection catalogs),制定15项以上行业网络数据安全标准规范(formulating security standards in more than 15 industries),贯标试点企业不少于20家;
行业网络数据安全管理和技术支撑平台基本建成,遴选网络数据安全技术能力创新示范项目不少于30个(select no less than 30 innovation demonstration projects in data security protection);
基础电信企业和重点互联网企业网络数据安全管理体系有效建立(effectively build a security management system in telecom companies and internet firms)。
垃圾分类 garbage sorting
The Beijing urban management commission said on Wednesday that Beijing will follow Shanghai's suit on mandatory household garbage sorting, though in different garbage classification standards.
北京市城管委3日表示,北京将跟上海一样实行垃圾强制分类,不过垃圾分类标准与上海不同。
【词汇讲解】
Follow suit是一个固定搭配的短语,表示“照着做;跟风”,这个短语来源于扑克牌游戏,suit指扑克牌四种花色里的任意一种,打牌的时候,如果一个人跟着前面的那个人出牌,人家出什么花色,他就跟着出什么花色,这个就叫follow suit,后来引申为“照着做”。
北京目前采取的垃圾分类方法为“四分法”,将垃圾分为有害垃圾、可回收物、厨余垃圾、其他垃圾。
●可回收物(recyclables,蓝色桶):可循环利用的,报纸、镜子、饮料瓶、易拉罐、旧衣服、电子废弃物等,由再生资源企业回收利用,俗称“收破烂”。
●厨余垃圾(kitchen waste,绿色桶):厨房产生的,如菜叶菜帮、剩饭剩菜、植物等。
●其他垃圾(other waste,灰色桶):包括保鲜膜、塑料袋、纸巾、大骨头、玉米核等。
●有害垃圾(hazardous waste,红色桶):对身体和环境有害的,如废灯管、水银温度计、过期药品、油漆、化妆品等,需用特殊方法安全处理。
需要特别注意的是,现在生产的1号、5号、7号等干电池是低汞或者无汞电池(low-mercury or mercury-free battery),所以就不属于有害垃圾了,应投入“其他垃圾”中。但纽扣电池(button cell)、电子产品用的锂电池(lithium battery)、电动车电瓶(electric-vehicle battery)等铅蓄电池和镍镉充电电池仍需作为“有害垃圾”进行回收。
支付宝美颜功能 beauty filters with Alipay’s face-scanning solutions
A poll ran by news portal Sina Technology showed that more than 60% of respondents think they look uglier through the next-gen payments method than on a regular camera.
新浪科技的一项调查显示,60%以上的用户表示刷脸支付时觉得自己丑,没有平时拍照好看。
对此,支付宝回应称,刷脸系统已经有美颜功能了。
On Tuesday, Alipay announced on social media platform Weibo that it has added beauty filters to its face-scanning system inside the app. Within a week, the feature will roll out across retail stores equipped with Alipay’s face-scanning solutions.
7月2日,支付宝在微博上回应称,支付宝刷脸系统已加入美颜功能,一周内,全国门店的刷脸系统也会上线美颜功能。
【单词讲解】
Filter这个词可以用作动词或名词,基础的意思是“过滤;过滤器”,在智能手机和社交媒体领域则表示可以给照片额外添加各种效果和美化功能的“滤镜”,比如,cat filter(猫咪滤镜)、color correction filter(颜色修正滤镜)等。在搜索引擎中常用的“关键词过滤”则是keywords filter。
支付宝同时解释称,实际上机器识别的还是无美颜的容貌,美颜只是屏幕展示效果而已(the beauty filters are for the screen display only),因此对识别准确度和安全性没有影响(accuracy and security of the recognition process won't be compromised)。
如今,刷脸功能的应用越来越普遍,除了刷脸支付以外,乘坐高铁可以刷脸进站。
北京、上海、广州、郑州、太原、武汉、南昌、西安、长沙等地部分火车站已采用"刷脸"进站(face-scanning check-in)。这些车站的自动检票机(automatic fare-collection gate)上都安装了摄像头,旅客走近机器时,它会抓取旅客脸部信息(facial information),与身份证芯片里的照片进行比对,票证信息相符(ticket information conforms to ID card information)、人脸与证件照比对通过,闸机自动放行。通常3至6秒便能成功通行,解放了人力也方便了旅客。"刷脸"进站采用人脸识别技术(facial recognition technology),这是基于人的脸部特征(facial features)进行身份识别(identity recognition)的一种生物识别技术(biological recognition technology)。
良渚古城遗址 Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee inscribed China's Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City on the World Heritage List as a cultural site on Saturday, bringing the total number of World Heritage Sites in China to 55, the highest in the world.
7月6日,联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会将中国世界文化遗产提名项目“良渚古城遗址”列入《世界遗产名录》。至此,中国世界遗产总数达到55处,位居世界第一。
【单词讲解】
Inscribe这个词的本意是“雕、刻”,刻上去的文字一般会保留很长时间,所以这个词也有“写入、记录”之意,即to write, engrave, or print as a lasting record或者to enter on a list,常用的搭配除了上文中的inscribe something on something (as...)以外,还有inscribe something with...,比如:They inscribed the monument with the soldiers' names.(他们把战士们的名字刻在纪念碑上。)
联合国教科文组织官网对良渚古城遗址的介绍是这样的:
Located in the Yangtze River Basin on the south-eastern coast of the country, the archaeological ruins of Liangzhu (about 3300-2300 BCE) reveal an early regional state with a unified belief system based on rice cultivation in Late Neolithic China. The property is composed of four areas – the Area of Yaoshan Site, the Area of High-dam at the Mouth of the Valley, the Area of Low-dam on the Plain and the Area of City Site. These ruins are an outstanding example of early urban civilization expressed in earthen monuments, urban planning, a water conservation system and a social hierarchy expressed in differentiated burials in cemeteries within the property.
位于中国东南沿海长江三角洲的良渚古城遗址(约公元前3300-2300年)向人们展示了新石器时代晚期一个以稻作农业为支撑、具有统一信仰的早期区域性国家。该遗址由4个部分组成:瑶山遗址区、谷口高坝区、平原低坝区和城址区。通过大型土质建筑、城市规划、水利系统以及不同墓葬形式所体现的社会等级制度,这些遗址成为早期城市文明的杰出范例。
国际古迹遗址理事会(the International Council on Monuments and Sites ,ICOMOS)指出:
It is considered to be a supreme achievement of prehistoric rice-cultivating civilization of China and East Asia over 5,000 years ago and an outstanding example of early urban civilization.
该遗址被视为5000多年前中国及东亚史前稻作文明的卓越成就,是早期城市文明的杰出范例。
以良渚古城为核心的良渚遗址是良渚文明的中心,遗存类型丰富,遗址格局完整,揭示了中华文明国家起源的基本特征,为中华五千多年文明史提供了最完整、最重要的考古学物证(the most concrete testimony of 5,000 years of Chinese civilization)。
英国知名考古学家科林·伦福儒(Colin Renfrew)曾在2013年和2017年两赴良渚古城遗址参观考察,对那里发掘的有5000年历史之久的玉器和大型水利工程遗迹印象深刻。他说:
The importance of findings from the Neolithic Age in China has been greatly underestimated. Cong and bi unearthed from the Liangzhu historical site represent a unity of values in the region. The complexity of society in Liangzhu was on par with that of a country. This is the origin of Chinese civilization.
中国的新石器时代考古发现的重要性被严重低估了。在良渚遗址出土的琮和璧代表该地区统一的价值体系。良渚的社会复杂性相当于一个国家。这就是中华文明的起源。
Viewed from a global perspective, Liangzhu has brought the origin of the state and society in China to a level equal to that of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and India.
从全球来看,良渚使中国国家和社会的起源达到与埃及、美索不达米亚以及印度文明相同的水平。
The historical site at the Liangzhu dam might be the earliest one in the world.
良渚坝区遗址可能是世界上最早的。
素质教育 all-round education
《中共中央 国务院关于深化教育教学改革全面提高义务教育质量的意见》近日印发。
The guideline aims to develop an education system that will foster citizens with an all-round moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic grounding, in addition to a hard-working spirit, according to the document.
意见旨在发展素质教育,培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。
要点包括:
坚持“五育”并举,全面发展素质教育
According to the guideline, compulsory education should emphasize the effectiveness of moral education with efforts on cultivating ideals and faith, core socialist values, China's fine traditional culture, ecological civilization and mental health.
要突出德育实效,大力开展理想信念、社会主义核心价值观、中华优秀传统文化、生态文明和心理健康教育。
The document stressed elevating intellectual grounding level to develop the cognitive ability and stimulate the sense of innovation of the students.
提升智育水平。着力培养认知能力,促进思维发展,激发创新意识。
It also called for strengthening physical education, enhancing aesthetic training with more art curriculums and activities, and encouraging students to participate in more physical work to boost their hard-working spirit.
强化体育锻炼,增强美育熏陶,设立艺术特色课程,加强劳动教育,充分发挥劳动综合育人功能。
强化课堂主阵地作用,切实提高课堂教学质量
Heuristic and interactive methods in teaching are encouraged to inspire students to think and ask questions.
注重启发式、互动式、探究式教学,引导学生主动思考、积极提问、自主探究。
More information technology should be integrated into school teaching, it said, specifically calling for more free and high-quality educational resources in rural and remote areas.
促进信息技术与教育教学融合应用。免费为农村和边远贫困地区学校提供优质学习资源。
按照“四有好老师”标准,建设高素质专业化教师队伍
The guideline demands "high-quality and professional" teaching personnel, proposing more training to strengthen teachers' teaching fundamentals and work ethics, as well as improved salaries and benefits.
建设高素质专业化教师队伍,强化师德教育和教学基本功训练,不断提高教师待遇。
School principals are asked to shoulder more responsibilities and play better roles in improving education quality.
校长是学校提高教育质量的第一责任人,提升校长实施素质教育能力。
深化关键领域改革,为提高教育质量创造条件
National curriculum schemes issued by the central authority should not be replaced by local and school- based curriculum, said the guideline.
严禁用地方课程、校本课程取代国家课程。
Exam-free access to nearby primary and secondary schools should cover all school-age children, and schools are encouraged to promote the well-rounded development of students, the guideline said.
推进义务教育学校免试就近入学全覆盖。建立以发展素质教育为导向的科学评价体系。
The country will secure the fiscal investment for compulsory education and motivate schools with higher education quality to help ordinary schools to achieve balanced compulsory education, according to the guideline.
保障义务教育财政经费投入,发挥优质学校示范辐射作用,完善强校带弱校等办学机制,促进新优质学校成长。
It also demands strengthened Party leadership over compulsory education reform and more guidance to parents for better family education.
推进义务教育改革,加强党的领导;重视家庭教育。
酒店布草 hotel linen
酒店床单、浴巾到底洗没洗过?有没有落实“一客一换”?近日,武汉首家绿色洗涤基地正式投入运营。据说可以解决这个问题。
Dubbed as Wuhan's first green washing base, all linen handled by the company, including sheets, towels, duvet covers, will be embedded with a thin, high-temperature resistant chip that enables a hotel to monitor its supplies, and allows hotel guests to access information about their laundry via a QR code.
该基地被称为武汉首家绿色洗涤基地,在这里处理的床单、毛巾、被套等布草都将内置一个轻薄、耐高温的芯片,酒店可以通过芯片监控布草状态,客人可以通过一个二维码获取房间布草的洗涤信息。
【单词讲解】
布草(hotel linen)是宾馆酒店里床单(bed sheets)、被套(duvet covers)、毛巾(towels)等物品的统称。这里要简单说一下英语里关于“被子”的几个表达:quilt,comforter以及duvet。Quilt是指带绗缝的薄被(传统款式是至少其中一面是由很多布碎拼贴而成的图案),比comforter/duvet要薄。Comforter/Duvet Insert就是中国人最熟悉的被芯(内层可以是棉、聚酯纤维、羽绒等等),而comforter除了指被芯以外,还指那种在床品套装(Bedding Sets)里的厚被子,表面已经带有印花,是直接用的,不用再套被套,通常要洗的话是整张被子一起洗。Duvet Insert & Duvet Cover(被芯和被套)应该是小伙伴们最熟悉一种组合,duvet, duvet insert, comforter这几个单词很多时候可以互换,都表示“被芯”,但duvet和duvet insert一般特指纯白色的被芯,通常会配上对应大小的duvet cover(被套)一起使用。
武汉市发改委环资处相关负责人称,新型绿色洗涤设备洗一公斤布草只需7升水,一个员工8小时可洗涤布草1.6吨,该基地还配备有污水处理设备(wastewater treatment equipment),最大程度减少废水污染。
The water used for cleaning will be tap water that has been purified, which is said to make the washed materials softer and more skin-friendly.
洗涤用的水也是对自来水进行二次净化之后的软水,据称,使用软水洗涤的布草会更加柔软亲肤。
事实孤儿 de facto orphan
Jointly issued by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Supreme People's Court and 10 other departments, the guideline defined children with both parents serving prison terms, undergoing compulsory drug rehabilitation or restriction of personal freedom as de facto orphans. This puts them in the same category as children who have sick, disabled parents or parents who have been declared missing. If one of a child's parents is under the aforementioned conditions and the other parent is dead or missing, the child can also be identified as a de facto orphan.
由民政部、最高法以及其他10个部门联合发布的意见对事实无人抚养儿童(即通常所说的“事实孤儿”)的定义为:父母双方均符合重残、重病、服刑在押、强制隔离戒毒、被执行其他限制人身自由的措施、失联情形之一的儿童;或者父母一方死亡或失踪,另一方符合重残、重病、服刑在押、强制隔离戒毒、被执行其他限制人身自由的措施、失联情形之一的儿童。
【单词讲解】
Serve prison terms就是“服刑”的意思,serve这个词最基本的意思是“服务”,引申开来就有“服役、任职、招待”等意思,比如美剧里时常会有个壮汉说:I served in Afghanistan.(我曾经在阿富汗服役。)或者,serve the interests of all the people(符合所有人的利益)。在网球和羽毛球比赛中,serve则表示“发球”,可用作动词或名词,比如:Whose turn is it to serve?(该谁发球了?)Federer's serve is unbeatable.(费德勒的发球无人能敌。)
这是我国首次就加强“事实孤儿”保障工作出台专门意见。《意见》重点解决四个方面的突出问题。
一是强化基本生活保障(basic living allowances)。明确对事实无人抚养儿童发放基本的生活补贴。
二是加强医疗康复保障(medical relief programs)。对符合条件的事实无人抚养儿童按规定实施医疗救助。
三是完善教育资助的救助(assistance for schooling)。将事实无人抚养儿童参照孤儿纳入教育资助的范围,享受相应的政策待遇,优先纳入国家资助政策体系和教育的帮扶体系。
四是督促落实监护的责任(responsibility of children's guardians)。要求依法打击故意或者恶意不履行监护职责等各类侵害儿童权益的违法犯罪行为。
The document also warned of punishments if parents with childrearing capacity pretend they don't have the capability with the aim of defrauding government welfare for their children. The guideline said law enforcement officers can revoke guardianship of parents defrauding child welfare, and civil affairs authorities can charge those parents child-rearing fees.
《意见》提出,对采取虚报、隐瞒、伪造等手段骗取保障资金、物资或服务的父母及其他监护人采取惩戒,执法部门应当依法撤销监护人监护资格。明确对有能力履行抚养义务而拒不抚养的父母,民政部门可依法追索抚养费。