联合国儿童基金会：每年有60万幼童死于空气污染

或许是长年在雾都生活，很多人对雾霾已渐渐变得麻木。面对一个接一个的雾霾天，民众也不再吐槽，只是气定神闲地“等风来”，把雾霾的种种危害抛之脑后。然而，事实真相是，雾霾正对人类尤其是儿童的健康产生致命的伤害。联合国儿童基金会的新报告指出，每年有60万名五岁以下儿童因为空气污染而丧生，死于空气污染的儿童比死于疟疾和艾滋病的儿童加起来还要多，空气污染已然成为幼童的一大健康杀手。

UNICEF is calling on world leaders to reduce air pollution, saying it leads to the deaths of more children yearly than malaria and HIV/AIDS combined.
联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）呼吁各国领导人减少空气污染，该组织称每年死于空气污染的儿童比死于疟疾和艾滋病的儿童加起来还要多。

Around 600,000 children under age 5 die every year from diseases caused by or exacerbated by outdoor and indoor air pollution, especially in poor nations, UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake said in the introduction to a report titled "Clear the Air for Children."
联合国儿童基金会执行主任安东尼•雷克在一份名为《为儿童净化空气》的报告的前言中指出，每年约有60万名五岁以下儿童死于由室内外空气污染导致和加重的疾病，这种情况在贫穷国家尤为严重。

Air pollution also hurts children it doesn't kill, including the unborn, he said.
雷克表示，儿童即使没有死于空气污染也会因此受到伤害，未出生的胎儿也不例外。

"Pollutants don't only harm children's developing lungs, they can actually cross the blood-brain barrier and permanently damage their developing brains, and, thus, their futures. No society can afford to ignore air pollution."
他说：“空气中的污染物不仅会伤害孩子们正在发育的肺，还能穿过血脑屏障，给儿童发育中的大脑造成永久性伤害，任何国家都承担不起忽视空气污染的后果。”

The report was released in advance of the November 7-18 UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakech, Morocco, also known as COP22, the 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties.
第22届联合国气候变化大会（COP22）将于11月7日至18日在摩洛哥马拉喀什市举行。联合国儿童基金会在会议召开前发布了这份报告。

COP21 was held in Paris in November 2015 and received a lot more attention, partly because so many world leaders convened not long after a major terrorist attack occurred there.
第21届联合国气候变化大会于2015年11月在巴黎举行，这次会议之所以受到了前所未有的关注，一定程度上是因为各国领导人在巴黎遭受大规模恐怖袭击不久之后就在此召开会议。

The conference achieved its major goal: Reaching a legally binding agreement to keep global warming below what most scientists say is the critical threshold of 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming.
这次会议完成了它的主要目标——与会各国达成了一项具有法律约束力的协定，承诺将全球变暖幅度限制在2摄氏度（3.6华氏度）以内。多数科学家认为2摄氏度是一个关键的临界点。

UNICEF is asking world leaders attending COP22 to take four steps:
联合国儿童基金会要求参加第22届联合国气候变化大会的各国领导人采取以下四项措施：

--Reduce pollution by cutting back on fossil fuel combustion and investing in energy efficiency.
通过能源效率方面的投资和减少化石燃料的用量来减少污染；

--Increase children's access to health care, including more immunization programs and information programs about pneumonia, a leading killer of children under 5.
增加儿童获取卫生保健服务的渠道，包括增加免疫接种项目和肺炎（五岁以下儿童的头号杀手）信息普及项目的数量；

--Minimize children's exposure to air pollution by keeping schools away from factories and other pollution sources and using cleaner cookstoves in homes.
让学校远离工厂和其它污染源，普及家用清洁炉灶，从而减少儿童暴露在空气污染中的机会；

--Improve monitoring of air pollution.
加强对空气污染的监管力度。

UNICEF said its air pollution report uses satellite imagery to show the global scope of the air pollution problem.
联合国儿童基金会称其发布的报告用卫星图像显示了全球范围内的空气污染问题。

Around 2 billion children live in places with outdoor pollution exceeding World Health Organization air quality guidelines, the report said. Most of these children live in low- and middle-income countries.
报告指出，参照世界卫生组织（WTO）发布的《空气质量准则》，约有20亿儿童生活在室外空气污染超标的环境中。其中大部分儿童都生活在中低收入国家。

That includes 620 million in South Asia, 520 million in Africa and 450 million in East Asia and the Pacific, UNICEF said.
这样的儿童在南亚、非洲和东亚与太平洋地区分别有6.2亿、5.2亿和4.5亿。

The outdoor air pollution is most common in low-income, urban areas and is caused by vehicle emissions, heavy use of fossil fuels, dust and burning of waste, the report said.
报告指出，室外空气污染由汽车尾气排放、大量使用化石燃料、粉尘和焚烧垃圾引起，在低收入的城市地区最为常见。

The satellite map doesn't take into account the dangers of indoor pollution, primarily a problem in lower-income, rural areas where people use solid fuels like coal and wood for cooking and heating.
卫星地图没有显示出室内污染的危害。室内污染主要发生在低收入的农村地区，那里的居民主要用煤和木材等固体燃料做饭和取暖。

More than 1 billion children live in homes where solid fuels are used in this way, UNICEF said. For example, 81% of rural households in India use this kind of fuel because it's cheap and easily available.
联合国儿童基金会表示，超过10亿儿童生活在这样使用固体燃料的家庭。比如在印度，由于固体燃料既廉价又易得，81%的农村家庭都在用。

Air pollution is an especially serious threat for children because their lungs and immune systems are developing, the report said.
报告指出，因为儿童的肺部和免疫系统还在发育，所以空气污染对儿童的威胁最为严重。

Unborn children are also at risk. Studies show chronic exposure to high levels of particulate matter is associated with high rates of fetal loss, premature births and lower birthrates.
未出生的胎儿也受到空气污染的威胁。多项研究表明，长期处于颗粒物浓度较高的环境中会提高流产、早产和生育率下降的几率。

英文来源：CNN
翻译：夏烨（中国日报网爱新闻iNews译者）
审校&编辑：丹妮