关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场

一、中美经贸合作互利共赢
I. Mutually-beneficial and win-win cooperation between China and the US in trade and economy

中美建交以来，双边经贸关系不断发展，贸易和投资等合作取得丰硕成果，实现了优势互补、互利共赢。中国从中受益匪浅，美国也从中获得了广泛、巨大的经济利益，分享了中国发展带来的机遇和成果。事实证明，良好的中美经贸关系对两国发展都具有重要意义，合则两利，斗则两伤。
Economic and trade relations have developed steadily since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the US, with fruitful results achieved in trade and investment. China benefits remarkably from the strong synergy, while the US also reaps extensive economic benefits from the opportunities and results generated by China’s growth. It is self-evident that a sound China-US economic and trade relationship is very important for both countries. Cooperation serves the interests of the two sides and conflict can only hurt both.

（一）中美双方互为重要的货物贸易伙伴
1. China and the US are important partners for each other in trade in goods.

双边货物贸易快速增长。根据中国有关部门统计数据，2017年中美双边货物贸易额达5837亿美元，是1979年建交时的233倍，是2001年中国加入世界贸易组织时的7倍多。目前，美国是中国第一大货物出口市场和第六大进口来源地，2017年中国对美国出口、从美国进口分别占中国出口和进口的19%和8%；中国是美国增长最快的出口市场和第一大进口来源地，2017年美国对华出口占美国出口的8%。
Two-way trade in goods has grown rapidly. Chinese statistics show that trade in goods between China and the US in 2017 amounted to US$583.7 billion, a 233-fold increase from 1979 when the two countries forged diplomatic ties, as well as a seven-fold increase from 2001 when China joined the World Trade Organization. Currently, the US is China’s biggest export market and sixth biggest source of imports. In 2017, the US took 19% of China’s exports and provided 8% of China’s imports. China is the fastest growing export market for US goods and the biggest source of imports of the United States. In 2017, 8% of US exports went to China.

美国对华出口增速明显快于其对全球出口。中国加入世界贸易组织以来，美国对华出口快速增长，中国成为美国重要的出口市场。根据联合国统计，2017年美国对华货物出口1298.9亿美元，较2001年的191.8亿美元增长577%，远远高于同期美国对全球112%的出口增幅（图1）（注1）。
US exports to China are growing much faster than its global average. Since its accession to the WTO, China has become an important market for US exports, which have grown rapidly. UN statistics indicate that in 2017 US exports of goods to China amounted to US$129.89 billion, a 577% increase from US$19.18 billion in 2001, and far higher than the 112% average growth rate of overall US exports (Chart 1).

中国是美国飞机、农产品、汽车、集成电路的重要出口市场。中国是美国飞机和大豆的第一大出口市场，汽车、集成电路、棉花的第二大出口市场。2017年美国出口中57%的大豆、25%的波音飞机、20%的汽车、14%的集成电路、17%的棉花都销往中国。
China is an import market for US goods such as airplanes, agricultural produce, automobiles, and integrated circuits. China represents the No. 1 export market for US airplanes and soybeans, and the No. 2 export market for US automobiles, IC products and cotton. In 2017 China took 57% of US soybean exports, 25% of Boeing aircraft, 20% of automobiles, 14% of ICs and 17% of cotton.

中美双边贸易互补性强。美国居于全球价值链的中高端，对华出口多为资本品和中间品，中国居于中低端，对美出口多为消费品和最终产品，两国发挥各自比较优势，双边贸易呈互补关系。2017年中国向美国出口前三大类商品为电机电气设备及其零附件、机械器具及零件、家具寝具灯具等，合计占比为53.5%。中国从美国进口前三大类商品为电机电气设备及其零附件、机械器具及零件、车辆及其零附件，合计占比为31.8%。机电产品在中美双边贸易中占重要比重，产业内贸易特征较为明显（表1）。中国对美出口的“高技术产品”，大多只是在华完成劳动密集型加工环节，包含大量关键零部件和中间产品的进口与国际转移价值。
China-US bilateral trade has a strong complementarity. The US stands at the mid-and high-end in global value chains and it exports capital goods and intermediary goods to China. Remaining at the mid-and low-end in global value chains, China mainly exports consumer goods and finished products to the US. The two countries play to their comparative strengths and the two-way trade is highly complementary. In 2017, the top three categories of Chinese exports to the US were:
1. electric machines/electrical products/equipment and components,
2. mechanical apparatus and components, and
3. furniture/bedding/lamps,
which accounted for 53.5% of its total exports to the US. The top three categories of products that China imported from the US were：
1. machinery/electric equipment/ components and accessories,
2. mechanical apparatus and components, and
3. automobile and components and accessories,
which accounted for 31.8% of total import from the US. Machinery and electronic products take a lion’s share of two-way trade, and there is an evident characteristic of intra-industry trade. (Table 1) For most of the hi-tech products that China exports to the US, only labor-intensive processing takes place in China, involving large-scale import of key components and intermediary products as well as international transfer of value.

（二）中美双边服务贸易快速增长
2. Bilateral trade in services is developing quickly.

美国服务业高度发达，产业门类齐全，国际竞争力强。随着中国经济发展和人民生活水平提升，服务需求明显扩大，双方服务贸易快速增长。据美国方面统计，2007－2017年，中美服务贸易额由249.4亿美元扩大到750.5亿美元，增长了2倍。2017年，据中国商务部统计，美国是中国第二大服务贸易伙伴；据美国商务部统计，中国是美国第三大服务出口市场。
The US has a highly-advanced and fully-fledged service industry which is very competitive on the international market. Accompanying the growth of the Chinese economy and the improvement of Chinese people’s living standards is an obvious rise in demand for services and rapid growth in bilateral services trade. According to US statistics, two-way trade in services rose from US$24.94 billion in 2007 to US$75.05 billion in 2017. According to MOFCOM, the US was China’s second biggest services trade partner; according to USDOC, China is the third biggest market for US service exports.

美国是中国服务贸易最大逆差来源地，且逆差快速扩大。据美国方面统计，2007－2017年，美国对华服务出口额由131.4亿美元扩大到576.3亿美元，增长了3.4倍，而同期美国对世界其他国家和地区的服务出口额增长1.8倍，美国对华服务贸易年度顺差扩大30倍至402亿美元（图2）。目前，美国是中国服务贸易逆差最大来源国，占中国服务贸易逆差总额的20%左右。中国对美服务贸易逆差主要集中在旅行、运输和知识产权使用费三个领域。
The US is the biggest source of China’s deficit in services trade and this deficit has been increasing fast. US statistics show that US service exports to China grew 340% from US$13.14 billion in 2007 to US$57.63 billion in 2017 while its service exports to other countries and regions in the same period grew by 180%. The US surplus with China in services multiplied by a factor of 30 to US 40.2 billion. (Chart 2) At present, the US represents roughly 20% of China’s total deficit in services trade, the biggest source of this deficit. China’s deficit with the US is concentrated in three areas, travel, transport and intellectual property royalties.

中国对美旅行服务贸易逆差不断扩大。据美国商务部统计，截至2016年，中国内地到访美国的游客数量已连续13年增长，其中12年的增速都达到两位数。中国商务部统计显示，2017年中国游客赴美旅游、留学、就医等旅行支出合计达510亿美元，其中赴美游客约300万人次，在美旅游支出高达330亿美元。在教育方面，美国是中国学生出境留学第一大目的地，2017年中国在美留学生约42万人，为美国贡献约180亿美元收入。根据美国方面统计，中国对美国旅行服务贸易逆差从2006年的4.3亿美元扩大至2016年的262亿美元，年均增长50.8%。
China’s trade deficit with the US in tourism continues to widen. According to the DOC, by 2016 the number of Chinese mainland visitors to the US had been increasing for 13 consecutive years, with double-digit growth in 12 of the 13 years. MOFCOM statistics suggest that in 2017 Chinese visitors going to the US for tourism, education, and medical treatment spent a total of US$51 billion in the US. Among them, 3 million were tourists, who spent as much as US$33 billion while traveling in the US. In education, the US is the largest overseas destination for Chinese students. In 2017, there were around 420,000 Chinese students in the US, contributing some US$18 billion to local revenues. According to US figures, China’s trade deficit with the US in tourism grew from US$430 million in 2006 to US$26.2 billion in 2016, registering an average annual growth of 50.8%.

中国对美国支付知识产权使用费持续增加。据中国有关方面统计，美国是中国第一大版权引进来源国，2012－2016年，中国自美国引进版权近2.8万项。中国对美国支付的知识产权使用费从2011年的34.6亿美元增加至2017年的72亿美元，6年时间翻了一番（图3）。其中2017年中国对美支付占中国对外支付知识产权使用费总额的四分之一。
China’s payments for the use of US intellectual property continues to rise. Chinese statistics indicate that the US is the largest source of intellectual property imports to China. From 2012 to 2016, China imported nearly 28,000 items of intellectual property from the US. China’s payments for US intellectual property doubled in six years from US$3.46 billion in 2011 to US$7.2 billion in 2017. (Chart 3) In breakdown, China’s intellectual property payments to the US accounted for a quarter of its total intellectual property payments to foreign countries.

（三）中美互为重要的投资伙伴
3. China and the US are important investment partners.

美国是中国重要外资来源地。根据中国商务部统计，截至2017年，美国累计在华设立外商投资企业约6.8万家，实际投资超过830亿美元。中国企业对美国直接投资快速增长，美国成为中国重要的投资目的地。随着中国对外投资的发展，中国企业对美国直接投资从2003年的0.65亿美元增长至2016年的169.8亿美元。根据中国商务部统计，截至2017年，中国对美直接投资存量约670亿美元。与此同时，中国还对美国进行了大量金融投资。根据美国财政部统计，截至2018年5月底，中国持有美国国债1.18万亿美元。
The US is a major source of foreign investment for China. According to MOFCOM, by the end of 2017, there were approximately 68,000 US-funded enterprises in China with over US$83 billion in actualized investment. With a rapid increase in direct investment by Chinese enterprises in the US, the latter has become an important destination for Chinese investment. As China’s outbound investment grew, Chinese enterprises’ direct investment in the US rose from US$65 million in 2003 to US$16.98 billion in 2016. According to MOFCOM figures, by the end 2017, the stock of Chinese direct investment in the US amounted to approximately US$67 billion. Meanwhile, China has also made a significant financial investment in the US. According to the US Treasury Department, China held US$1.18 trillion of US treasury bills by the end of May 2018.

（四）中美双方均从经贸合作中明显获益
4. China and the US have both benefited markedly from trade and economic cooperation.

中美双方从经贸合作中获得巨大的经济利益，实现了互利共赢。
China and the US have both reaped enormous benefits and created win-win results from trade and economic cooperation.

中美经贸合作促进了中国经济发展和民生改善。在经济全球化背景下，中国与美国等国加强贸易和投资合作，相互开放市场，有利于中国企业融入全球产业链价值链，为中国经济增长带来了可观的外部市场。经过改革开放以来40年的发展，2017年中国货物贸易进出口总额4.1万亿美元，居世界首位；服务贸易进出口总额6956.8亿美元，居世界第二位；吸引外商投资1363亿美元，居世界第二位。美国在华企业在技术创新、市场管理、制度创新等方面对中国企业起到了示范作用，促进了市场竞争，提升了行业效率，带动了中国企业提高技术和管理水平。中国从美国进口大量机电产品和农产品，弥补了自身供给能力的不足，满足了各领域需求特别是高端需求，丰富了消费者选择。
China-US trade and economic cooperation has promoted economic development in China and improved economic wellbeing. Against the backdrop of economic globalization, strengthening trade and investment cooperation with other countries, including the US, and opening up markets to each other has helped Chinese enterprises integrate into the global industrial chain and value chain, and opened up a huge external market for Chinese economic growth. Thanks to economic development over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, in 2017 China became the world’s largest trader in goods, with US$4.1 trillion of total merchandise imports and exports. It became the second largest trader in services with US$695.68 billion worth of total services imports and exports. And it became the second largest recipient of FDI, with US$136 billion of inward foreign investment. American firms have played an exemplary role in China for their Chinese peers in terms of technological innovation, marketing management, and institutional innovation. They have promoted market competition, improved industry efficiency, and motivated Chinese firms to improve their technology and management. In importing a large number of mechanical and electrical products and agricultural products from the US, China has managed to make up for its own supply deficiencies, and satisfy the demand—especially high-end demand—in various sectors by offering consumers a diversity of choice.

与此同时，美国获得了跨境投资、进入中国市场等大量商业机会，对美国经济增长、消费者福利、经济结构升级都发挥了重要作用。
At the same time, the US has gained access to a wide range of business opportunities such as cross-border investment and entry into the China market, which have played a big part in driving economic growth, improving consumer welfare, and upgrading the economic structure in the US.

经贸合作促进了美国经济增长，降低了美国通胀水平。据美中贸易全国委员会和牛津研究院联合研究估算（注2），2015年美国自华进口提振了美国国内生产总值0.8个百分点；美国对华出口和中美双向投资为美国国内生产总值贡献了2160亿美元，提升美国经济增长率1.2个百分点；来自中国物美价廉的商品降低了美国消费者物价水平，如2015年降低其消费物价水平1－1.5个百分点。低通货膨胀环境为美国实施扩张性宏观经济政策提供了较大空间。
Trade and economic cooperation has supported US economic growth and lowered US inflation. A joint estimate by the US-China Business Council and Oxford Economics indicated that in 2015 imports from China drove up the US gross domestic product by 0.8 percentage points. Exports to China and two-way investment contributed US$216 billion to America’s GDP, pushing US economic growth rate up by 1.2 percentage points. Value-for-money products from China drove down prices for American consumers, and in 2015 for example, reduced the consumer price index by 1 to 1.5 percentage points. A low inflation environment has created much room for expansionary macroeconomic policies in the US.

为美国创造了大量就业机会。据美中贸易全国委员会估算，2015年美国对华出口和中美双向投资支持了美国国内260万个就业岗位（注3）。其中，中国对美投资遍布美国46个州，为美国国内创造就业岗位超过14万个，而且大部分为制造业岗位。
Trade and economic cooperation has created a large number of jobs in the US. According to a US-China Business Council estimate, in 2015, US exports to China and US-China two-way investment supported 2.6 million jobs in America. Specifically, Chinese investment covered 46 states of the US, generating for the US more than 140,000 jobs, most of which are in manufacturing.

给美国消费者带来了实实在在的好处。双边贸易丰富了消费者选择，降低了生活成本，提高了美国民众特别是中低收入群体实际购买力。美中贸易全国委员会研究显示，2015年，中美贸易平均每年为每个美国家庭节省850美元成本，相当于美国家庭收入的1.5%（注4）。
Trade and economic cooperation has brought real benefits to American consumers. Bilateral trade provides consumers with a broad range of choices, lowers their living costs, and raises the real purchasing power of the American people, especially the low- and middle-income cohort. According to the US-China Business Council, in 2015, trade with China saved every American family US$850 of expenditure each year, which is equivalent to 1.5% of the average household income in the US.

为美国企业创造了大量商机和利润。中国是一个巨大而快速增长的市场，中美经贸合作为美国企业提供了大量商业机会。从贸易来看，根据美中贸易全国委员会发布的《2017年度美各州对华出口报告》，2017年中国是美国46个州的前五大货物出口市场之一，2016年中国是美国所有50个州的前五大服务出口市场之一；2017年每个美国农民平均向中国出口农产品1万美元以上。从投资来看，根据中国商务部统计，2015年美国企业实现在华销售收入约5170亿美元，利润超过360亿美元；2016年销售收入约6068亿美元，利润超过390亿美元。美国三大汽车制造商2015年在华合资企业利润合计达74.4亿美元。2017年美系乘用车在华销量达到304万辆，占中国乘用车销售总量的12.3%（注5），仅通用汽车公司在华就有10家合资企业，在华产量占到其全球产量的40%（注6）。美国高通公司在华芯片销售和专利许可费收入占其总营收的57%，英特尔公司在中国（包括香港地区）营收占其总营收的23.6%（注7）。2017年财年，苹果公司大中华地区营收占其总营收的19.5%（注8）。截至2017年1月，13家美国银行在华设有分支机构，10家美资保险机构在华设有保险公司。高盛、运通、美国银行、美国大都会人寿等美国金融机构作为中国金融机构的战略投资者，均取得了不菲的投资收益。根据中国证监会统计，中国境内公司到境外首发上市和再融资，总筹资额的70%由美资投资银行担任主承销商或联席主承销商（注9）。美国律师事务所共设立驻华代表处约120家。
Trade and economic cooperation has created a large number of business opportunities and significant profits for American businesses. With China being a huge and rapidly growing market, trade and economic cooperation between China and the US has created huge business opportunities for American businesses. From the trade perspective, the US-China Business Council 2017 State Export Report found that in 2017, China was one of the top five export markets of goods for 46 states. In 2016 China was one of the top five export markets of services for all 50 states. On average every US farmer exported over US$10,000 of agricultural products to China in 2017. From the investment perspective, according to MOFCOM, in 2015 US firms in China realized approximately US$517 billion of sales revenue and over US$36 billion of profits; in 2016, their sales reached about US$606.8 billion and profits exceeded US$39 billion. For the top three US automakers, their joint ventures in China made a total profit of US$7.44 billion in 2017. In the same year, a total of 3.04 million American passenger vehicles were sold in China, accounting for 12.3% of all passenger vehicles sold in China . General Motors alone has ten joint ventures in China. Its output in China accounted for 40% of its global output. Qualcomm’s income from chip sales and patent royalties in China accounted for 57% of its total revenue. Intel’s revenues in China (including the Hong Kong region) accounted for 23.6% of its total revenue. In the FY 2017, revenues from Greater China accounted for 19.5% of the Apple Inc. total. By January 2017, 13 American banks had subsidiaries or branches and ten American insurance companies had insurance firms in China. Goldman Sachs, American Express, Bank of America, Metlife and other American financial institutions have reaped handsome returns from their strategic investment in Chinese financial institutions. According to China Securities Regulatory Commission, American investment banks were lead underwriters or co-lead underwriters for 70% of the funds raised by Chinese companies in their overseas IPOs and refinancing. US law firms have set up about 120 offices in China.

促进了美国产业升级。在与中国经贸合作中，美国跨国公司通过整合两国要素优势提升了其国际竞争力。苹果公司在美国设计研发手机，在中国组装生产，在全球市场销售。根据高盛公司2018年的研究报告，如苹果公司将生产与组装全部移到美国，其生产成本将提高37%（注10）。从技术合作领域看，美国企业在中国销售和投资，使这些企业能够享受中国在云计算和人工智能等方面的应用成果，使其产品更好适应不断变化的全球市场（注11）。中国承接了美国企业的生产环节，使得美国能够将更多资金等要素资源投入创新和管理环节，集中力量发展高端制造业和现代服务业，带动产业向更高附加值、高技术含量领域升级，降低了美国国内能源资源消耗和环境保护的压力，提升了国家整体竞争力。
Trade and economic cooperation has promoted industrial upgrading. In their trade and economic cooperation with China, US multinational companies have sharpened their international competitiveness by combining competitive factors of production in the two countries. For example, iPhones are designed in the US, manufactured and assembled in China, and sold in the world. According to a Goldman Sachs report in 2018, should Apple Inc. relocate all its production and assembly to the US, its product cost would increase by 37%. In technological cooperation, US companies which have sales and investment in China enjoy the benefits of cloud computing and artificial intelligence applied in China, so that American products can better adapt to the changing global market. By manufacturing for US companies, China has enabled the US to invest more money and resources in innovation and management, focus on high-end manufacturing and modern services, and upgrade its industry with more added-value and high technology. This has also helped the US in conserving energy and resources and mitigating pressure in environmental protection at home, making the US more competitive in the world.

总体来看，中美经贸合作是一种双赢关系，绝非零和博弈，美国企业和国民从中得到了实实在在的好处，美国一部分人宣称的“美国吃亏论”是站不住脚的。
In general, China-US trade and economic cooperation is a win-win relationship and by no means a zero-sum game, bringing concrete benefits to US companies and people. Some Americans claim that the United States is “losing” in this relationship, a claim which does not stand up to scrutiny.