《改革开放40年中国人权事业的发展进步》白皮书

四、显著改善特定群体权利
IV. Ensuring the Rights of Special Groups

改革开放40年来，中国不断完善相关权利保障机制，采取有针对性的措施，为特定群体创造了实现自我发展和人生价值的机会，切实保障少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人和残疾人的合法权益。
Over the 40 years since reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, China has improved various mechanisms for ensuring its citizens' rights, adopting targeted measures to create opportunities for special groups in pursuit of self-development and life goals. The legitimate rights of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled are protected.

（一）少数民族权利
1. Rights of Ethnic Minority Groups

少数民族参与国家事务管理的权利得到有效保障。各民族自治地方依法享有广泛的自治权，包括政治、经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生等各项事业的自主管理权。55个少数民族均有本民族的全国人大代表和全国政协委员。十三届全国人大代表中，少数民族代表438名，占14.7%。155个民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中，均有实行区域自治民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。民族自治地方政府的主席、州长、县长或旗长，均由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。在西藏自治区第十一届人民代表大会中，藏族和其他少数民族人士在常委会主任、副主任中占50%，在自治区人大代表中占66%。
The right of ethnic minority groups in administering state affairs is effectively guaranteed. The ethnic autonomous regions enjoy the right of autonomy in extensive areas as prescribed by law, including autonomy in the fields of politics, the economy, education, science and technology, culture, and health. All 55 minority groups have deputies and members at the National People's Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. The standing committees of people's congresses in all 155 ethnic autonomous areas have citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties and banners are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas. In the 11th People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region, the director and half of the deputy directors of the standing committee, and two-thirds of the deputies, are from the Tibetan or other ethnic minority groups.

民族地区经济快速发展。内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和云南、贵州、青海3个省的地区生产总值由1978年的324亿元增至2017年的84899亿元；贫困人口从2010年的5040万下降到2017年的1032万，累计减贫4008万人，贫困发生率从34.5%下降到6.9%。2012年至2017年，国家投入中央财政扶贫专项资金少数民族发展方向244.97亿元。出台《“十三五”促进民族地区和人口较少民族发展规划》《兴边富民行动“十三五”规划》，推进民族地区、边疆地区经济社会跨越式发展。
The economy of ethnic minority areas has experienced rapid growth. The total GDP of the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Qinghai has grown from RMB32.4 billion in 1978 to RMB8.49 trillion in 2017. The impoverished population in these regions has dropped from 50.4 million in 2010 to 10.32 million in 2017, with 40.08 million people shaking off poverty and the incidence of poverty reduced from 34.5 to 6.9 percent. From 2012 to 2017 the central government allocated RMB24.5 billion from the state poverty alleviation fund to support the development of ethnic minority groups. With the release of the Program for Developing Ethnic Minority Areas and Ethnic Groups with Small Populations During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and the Program for Revitalizing Border Areas and Enriching the People During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, China aims to achieve a big stride in social and economic development in these areas.

民族地区教育事业快速发展。通过发展各级各类民族学校、实行双语教育、对少数民族考生升学予以照顾、在广大农牧区推行寄宿制教育等举措，促进教育公平，维护少数民族的受教育权利。西藏自治区全面普及了从学前教育到高中阶段15年“包吃、包住、包学习费用”的免费教育政策。新疆维吾尔自治区的南疆地区实行15年免费教育，实施农村学前三年免费双语教育。举办内地西藏班、新疆班，实施“少数民族预科班、民族班”“少数民族高层次骨干计划”等，保障少数民族学生享有接受优质教育的机会。
Education in ethnic minority areas has developed rapidly. China has adopted a series of measures to promote educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities' right to education. These measures include: opening schools for students from ethnic minority groups, using both Putonghua (standard Chinese) and ethnic languages in school education, giving preferential treatment to students from ethnic minority groups when they take exams to enter higher levels of education, and running residential schools in farming and pastoral areas. In Tibet Autonomous Region, students enjoy free board and lodging and are exempt from study costs from preschool to senior high school-a total of 15 years. In south Xinjiang, students also enjoy 15 years of zero-cost education, and those in rural areas are provided with free three-year preschool education both in Putonghua and ethnic languages. Middle and high school students from Tibet and Xinjiang can attend special classes at schools in more developed areas of the country. High school graduates from ethnic groups can attend preparatory courses or special classes at colleges and universities, and university graduates from ethnic groups can apply for a national high-level professional development program which trains and sends them to work in designated places. All this has ensured that students from ethnic minority groups have access to quality education.

少数民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利得到切实尊重和保障。在中国，除回族和满族通用汉语文外，其他53个少数民族都有本民族语言，有22个少数民族共使用27种文字。中国政府保障少数民族语言文字在行政司法、新闻出版、广播影视、文化教育等各领域的合法使用。建设中国少数民族濒危语言数据库，设立并实施“中国语言资源保护工程”。民族地区公共文化服务体系进一步完善。截至2017年，全国少数民族自治地方共有195个广播电视机构使用14种少数民族语言播出广播节目，263个广播电视机构使用10种少数民族语言播出电视节目。国家在民族地区推行双语教育，基本建立起从学前到高等教育阶段的双语教育体系。截至2017年，全国各民族中小学实施双语教育的学校1.2万多所，接受双语教育在校生320余万人,双语教师21万余人。
The right to use and develop the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities is respected and fully protected. In China, with the exception of the Hui and Manchu peoples who generally use Han Chinese, the other 53 ethnic minorities have their own spoken languages, and 22 groups use a total of 27 written systems. The Chinese government protects the legitimate use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in the areas of administration and judicature, press and publishing, radio, film and television, and culture and education. The state has established a database for the endangered languages of China's ethnic minority groups, and initiated the Program for Protecting China's Language Resources. Public cultural services in ethnic minority areas have been further improved. By 2017 there were 195 radio and 263 television stations in China's ethnic autonomous areas broadcasting in 14 and 10 ethnic minority languages. The state provides bilingual education in ethnic minority areas, basically forming a bilingual education system from preschool to higher education. By 2017 more than 12,000 primary and secondary schools catering to ethnic minority students in China give courses in both Putonghua and minority languages, with 210,000 teachers teaching such courses to 3.2 million students.

民族地区文化遗产、文物古迹得到有效保护。中国政府高度重视少数民族文化的传承和发展，制定相关法律，设立专门机构，加大资金投入，推动少数民族文化事业发展。中国入选联合国教科文组织“非物质文化遗产名录（名册）”的少数民族项目有14项；中国前四批共计1372项国家级非物质文化遗产名录中，少数民族的有492项，约占36%；在五批3068名国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人中，少数民族传承人有862名，约占28%；共设立21个国家级文化生态保护实验区，其中有11个位于民族地区；25个省（区、市）已建立民族古籍整理与研究机构。中央和地方政府投入资金对高昌故城、北庭故城遗址、喀什艾提尕尔清真寺等一大批文物古迹进行了修缮保护，抢救性保护修复了3000余件珍贵文物，对藏医药、格萨尔、传统歌舞、手工技艺等重要非物质文化遗产进行了全面保护。
Cultural heritage and relics in ethnic minority areas are protected. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the preservation and development of ethnic minority cultures. It has promulgated laws, established government bodies, and increased spending to develop the cultures of ethnic minority groups. Of all China's cultural items included in the UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List, 14 are from ethnic minorities. At national level, 492 (36 percent) of the first 1,372 cultural items included in China's intangible cultural heritage list are from ethnic minorities. Of the 3,068 representative trustees of China's intangible cultural heritage, 862 (28 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. China has set up 21 state-level cultural preservation experimental areas, 11 of which are located in ethnic minority areas. Twenty-five provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and recordings of ethnic minorities. The central and local governments have funded the conservation and renovation of many historical and cultural sites, including the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Site, and Kashi's Id Kah Mosque. More than 3,000 precious cultural relics have been conserved and renovated. Traditional Tibetan medicine, the Epic of King Gesar, traditional songs and dances, handicrafts, and other important items of intangible cultural heritage have been protected.

少数民族宗教信仰自由获得充分保障。截至目前，西藏自治区有藏传佛教活动场所1778处，住寺僧尼4.6万多人，正常的宗教活动和宗教信仰依法受到保护。活佛转世制度作为藏传佛教所特有的信仰和传承方式，得到国家和西藏自治区各级政府的尊重，国家颁布了《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》，西藏自治区现有活佛358名，其中60多位新转世活佛按历史定制和宗教仪轨得到认定。不断完善藏传佛教僧人学经制度。截至2017年，西藏自治区已有84名学经僧人获得了格西“拉让巴”学位，168名僧人获得了中国藏语系高级佛学院“拓然巴”高级学衔。正常宗教需求得到满足，以多种语言文字翻译出版发行伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍。《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》出版发行达176万余册。完成对藏文大藏经的校勘出版，印制《甘珠尔》大藏经达1490多部供给寺庙，满足僧尼和信教群众的学修需求。法律保护正常的宗教活动。开设教职人员解经骨干培训班、宗教活动场所民主管理组织负责人培训班等，提升宗教团体自我管理水平。自2011年始，国家宗教事务局已举办十余期伊斯兰教解经骨干培训班，为新疆培训教职人员数百人。中央政府支持新疆伊斯兰教经学院扩建校舍，改善教学环境，扩大招生规模。
Ethnic minority groups' right to freedom of religious belief has been fully protected. Religious beliefs and normal religious activities are protected by law. At the moment Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,778 venues for practicing Tibetan Buddhism, and some 46,000 resident monks and nuns. The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region, the state having issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibet now has 358 Living Buddhas, more than 60 of whom have been confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals. The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks study sutras has been improved. By 2017 a total of 84 monks from Tibet had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 168 in Beijing. China has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions in multiple languages to satisfy normal religious needs. More than 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari have been distributed. The Tibetan Buddhist canons have been revised and published, and 1,490 copies of the canon Kangyur have been given to monasteries for monks, nuns and religious persons to study. To improve the self-management capacity of religious groups, the state offers training sessions to clerics on interpreting scriptures, and to persons who manage venues for religious activities. Since 2011 the National Religious Affairs Administration has organized over a dozen training sessions on interpreting Islamic scripture, and trained several hundred clerics from Xinjiang. The central government supports the Xinjiang Islamic Institute in expanding its campus, improving teaching conditions, and enrolling more students.

（二）妇女、儿童和老年人权利
2. Rights of Women, Children and the Elderly

妇女参与公共事务管理和经济社会发展的权利得到切实保障。男女平等基本国策进一步贯彻落实。颁布修订妇女权益保障法。不断提高女干部在同级干部中所占比例，全国党政机关中女性干部从改革开放初期的42.2万名提升至2017年的190.6万名，占干部总数的26.5%。切实保障妇女参政议政权。十三届全国人大有742名女性代表，占比24.9%；十三届全国政协现有442名女性委员，占比20.5%。在2018年各省级两会上，人大和政协中的女性比例分别为27.33%和25.69%。加强妇女经济赋权，着力推动妇女创业就业。2016年，全国女性就业人口占就业总人口的43.1%。实施鼓励妇女就业创业的小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，截至2018年6月，全国累计发放妇女创业担保贷款3590多亿元，获贷妇女634万人次，落实财政贴息资金390多亿元。截至2017年9月，全国共签订女职工权益保护专项集体合同136.6万份，覆盖企业315.3万家，覆盖女职工7999.9万人。在592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县，女性人口的贫困发生率从2005年的20.3%下降到2010年的9.8%。
Women's rights to equal participation in the administration of public affairs and socioeconomic development are protected. China has taken numerous solid measures to implement the basic state policy of gender equality, and amended the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests. The proportion of female officials at each level of officialdom has increased steadily, and the number of female officials in Party and government organs has grown from 422,000 at the beginning of reform and opening up to 1.9 million in 2017, accounting for 26.5 percent of all officials. Women participate fully in the administration and discussion of state affairs. The 13th NPC has 742 female deputies (24.9 percent), and the 13th CPPCC National Committee now has 442 female members (20.5 percent). At the 2018 sessions of the provincial people's congresses and political consultative conferences, women made up 27.33 percent and 25.69 percent of all deputies and members. The state has strengthened economic empowerment for women, helping them to start businesses and seek employment. In 2016, women employed nationwide accounted for 43.1 percent of the total employed population. To engage women in employment and entrepreneurship, China has introduced the small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount. By June 2018, a total of RMB359 billion had been issued in guaranteed loans to 6.34 million women to start businesses, and the government had allocated RMB39 billion for interest discount. By September 2017, 1.37 million collective contracts for protecting female workers' rights and interests had been signed nationwide, covering almost 80 million female workers in 3.15 million enterprises. In the 592 poorest counties which are the main targets of national poverty alleviation and development work, the incidence of poverty of the female population decreased from 20.3 percent in 2005 to 9.8 percent in 2010.

妇女儿童健康服务水平不断提高。加强妇幼卫生保健，维护妇女儿童健康权益。优化卫生资源配置，增加农村和边远地区妇幼卫生经费投入。2012年至2016年，农村孕产妇住院分娩项目累计补助约4800万人。2017年，共为1173万名农村计划怀孕夫妇提供免费检查，目标人群覆盖率平均达91.7%。自2009年6月政府开始实施农村妇女宫颈癌、乳腺癌免费检查项目，截至2017年，累计共有7000多万农村妇女接受了宫颈癌免费检查，1000多万农村妇女接受了乳腺癌免费检查。1991年至2017年，中国5岁以下儿童死亡率从61‰降至9.1‰。2016年，5岁以下儿童低体重率、生长迟缓率、贫血患病率分别下降到1.49%、1.15%、4.79%。实施“母亲水窖”工程项目，重点帮助西部地区群众特别是妇女摆脱因严重缺水带来的生活困境，截至2017年，帮助304万人获得安全饮用水。
Health services for women and children have improved. China has strengthened healthcare programs for women and children to safeguard their right to health. It has improved the distribution of health resources, and increased spending on maternal and child healthcare programs in rural, border and remote areas. From 2012 to 2016 about 48 million rural women received state subsidies for delivery of their babies in official institutions. In 2017 the state provided free checkups for 11.73 million rural couples planning for pregnancy, covering 91.7 percent of the target population. In June 2009 the government launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for rural women, providing free cervical cancer checkups for 70 million and free breast cancer checkups for 10 million by 2017. Between 1991 and 2017 the mortality rate of children under five decreased from 61 per thousand to 9.1. In 2016 the underweight rate for children under five decreased to 1.49 percent. The corresponding rates for growth retardation and incidence of anemia were 1.15 percent and 4.79 percent. The government has initiated a program to provide safe water storage for people, especially women, in the western parts of China, so that they have reliable sources of drinking water. By 2017, a total of 3.04 million people had received help from the program and had access to safe drinking water.

妇女儿童保护和救助工作持续加强。开展反家庭暴力的基层司法实践，探索家庭暴力人身安全保护裁定制度，试点法院从2008年的5个省扩展到2015年的14个省。2015年通过反家庭暴力法，为保障包括妇女在内的家庭成员的合法权益，促进建立平等、和谐、文明的家庭关系发挥了重要作用。《刑法修正案（九）》作出有利于保障妇女儿童权益的重要修改，更加有力地惩处强奸幼女、拐卖妇女儿童的犯罪行为。颁布修订未成年人保护法、预防未成年人犯罪法等法律法规，保护未成年人的身心健康，保障未成年人的合法权益。2009年，公安部建立了世界上第一个打拐DNA信息库，目前已帮助5500余名被拐儿童与家人团聚；2016年，公安部建立“团圆”打拐系统，截至2018年9月，平台发布儿童失踪信息3419条，找回3367人，找回率98.4%。2017年，全国共有儿童收养救助服务机构663个，床位10.3万张，年末收留抚养各类人员5.9万人。截至2017年，共帮助78万名农村留守儿童得到有效监护，为18万名无户籍农村留守儿童登记落户，帮助1.7万名农村留守儿童返校复学。
Protection and assistance for women and children have been enhanced. China has taken judicial action against domestic violence at the grassroots level. It has experimented with an adjudication system of personal security protection against domestic violence, and courts conducting this pilot program have expanded from 5 provinces in 2008 to 14 in 2015. In 2015 China promulgated the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which has played an important role in ensuring the legitimate rights of family members including women, and maintaining equal and harmonious family relations. Amendment IX to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China represents a major step forward in protecting women and children's rights and interests; it specifies harsher punishments for the crimes of raping girls under the age of 14 and abducting and trafficking women and children. To ensure the physical and psychological health of minors and to protect their legitimate rights and interests, China has promulgated the Law on the Protection of Minors and the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, both amended in 2012. In 2009 the Ministry of Public Security developed the world's first DNA database for finding abducted children, having helped 5,500 children reunite with their families to date. On the "Tuan Yuan" (Reunion) online platform initiated in 2016, a total of 3,419 items on missing children had been posted by September 2018, which had helped recover 3,367 children. In 2017 China had 663 child adoption and assistance institutions with 103,000 beds, accommodating 59,000 persons. By 2017 some 780,000 rural children left at home by their migrant worker parents had been provided with effective guardianship, 180,000 previously unregistered left-at-home rural children had been registered, and 17,000 had been returned to school.

老年人权益保障机制逐步健全。2017年，中国60岁及以上老年人达2.4亿，占总人口的17.3%。2012年以来，中国修订老年人权益保障法，出台《关于加快发展养老服务业的若干意见》《“十三五”国家老龄事业发展和养老体系建设规划》等70多项政策文件，初步建立养老法规政策体系。养老服务工作逐步从改革开放前以机构集中照料为主，拓展到以居家为基础、社区为依托、机构为补充、医养相结合的养老服务体系建设和以家庭养老支持、互助养老为新突破点的融合发展。截至2017年，全国养老服务已经从1978年的8000多家服务机构，扩大到包括养老机构、社区养老服务设施、互助型养老设施等各类养老服务机构15.5万个，床位744.8万张。加强了针对老年人的社会救助和福利保障，将1781.7万困难老年人纳入最低生活保障范围，410.2万特困老年人纳入政府供养范围。截至2017年，全国经济困难的高龄老年人津贴制度实现省级全覆盖，全国所有省份均出台了老年人社会优待政策。不断丰富老年人的社会文化生活，全国共有老年学校4.9万个，在校学习人员704万人，各类老年活动室35万个。
The mechanism for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly has improved. In 2017 some 240 million Chinese were aged 60 or above, accounting for 17.3 percent of the total population. Since 2012 China has amended the Law on Protecting the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, and released more than 70 policy papers, such as the Decisions on Accelerating the Development of the Old-Age Service Industry and the Program for Developing China's Old-Age Services and System Building During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, forming a legal and policy framework for old-age care. Before reform and opening up China's elderly were mainly cared for in nursing homes. Now more of them receive home care and community services, but can still choose nursing homes or facilities with medical care services. New models of old-age care such as "mutual support" in rural areas are also expanding. By 2017 China had 155,000 institutions with 7.45 million beds to provide old-age services, including nursing homes, community-based old-age service facilities, and "mutual support" facilities-a stark contrast with just 8,000 nursing homes in 1978. The state has strengthened social assistance and welfare for the elderly, providing subsistence allowances to 17.8 million elderly persons in need and supporting 4.1 million elderly persons in extreme poverty with government funding. By 2017 the allowances for impoverished senior citizens over the specified age had covered all provinces, which had also released preferential policies for the elderly. To enrich the cultural life of the elderly, there are now 49,000 schools for the elderly with more than 7 million students, and 350,000 activity centers.

（三）残疾人权利
3. Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权益保障的法律体系不断完善，政府将残疾人工作纳入重要工作议程。“平等、参与、共享”理念渐入人心，残疾人生存、发展和参与状况明显改善，残疾人事业取得显著进步。
The laws ensuring the rights and interests of persons with disabilities have been improved, and the government has placed work in relation to the disabled high on its agenda. As society promotes equality, participation and sharing of benefits for the disabled, they have fared better in terms of quality of life, development, and participation in social affairs.

残疾人权益保障机制日益健全。逐步实现残疾人权益保障法治化，制定残疾人保障法，截至2018年4月，直接涉及残疾人权益保障的法律有80多部，行政法规有50多部。将残疾人事业纳入国家发展战略，先后颁布七个残疾人事业五年发展规划，对残疾人权益保障工作做出总体部署，设立残疾预防日。各级政府完善残疾人工作机制，统筹推进残疾人事业发展。截至2017年，全国设立残疾人法律援助工作站2600余个，建成法律援助便民服务窗口2500余个，各级残疾人联合会建立残疾人法律救助工作站1746个。残疾人事业财政支持大幅增长，2017年，中央预算内投资比上一个五年增长458%，残疾人服务设施达到3822个。
The mechanism for ensuring the rights and interests of the disabled has improved. China has formulated a system of laws to ensure disabled persons' rights, including the Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons. By April 2018 the state had promulgated more than 80 laws and 50 administrative regulations directly relating to the protection of the rights and interests of the disabled. Having included the development of disabled persons in the national development strategy, China has released seven five-year plans for the development of the disabled, including overall plans for ensuring their rights. China has also established a Disability Prevention Day. All levels of government have improved their work mechanisms in matters related to the disabled, coordinating efforts for their wellbeing. By 2017 China had 2,600 legal assistance centers and 2,500 legal assistance windows for the disabled, as well as 1,746 legal assistance stations funded by disabled persons' associations at various levels. The government has significantly increased spending on the disabled. In 2017 the central budgetary investment grew by 458 percent compared to the previous five-year period, establishing 3,822 service facilities for the disabled.

残疾人社会保障权得到有效落实。全面建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度，惠及2100万残疾人。截至2017年，2614.7万城乡残疾人参加城乡社会养老保险，1042.3万残疾人领取养老金；547.2万60岁以下参保的重度残疾人中有529.5万得到了政府参保扶助，代缴养老保险费比例达到96.8%。对贫困残疾人参加医疗保险给予费用减免，将运动疗法等29项医疗康复项目纳入基本医疗保险支付范围。
The disabled persons' right to social security is ensured. China has established a subsidy system for the living expenses of disabled persons in need and to pay the nursing costs of persons with severe disabilities, benefitting 21 million disabled persons. By 2017 a total of 26.15 million disabled persons were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 10.42 million receiving old-age pensions. Of the 5.47 million severely disabled people under the age of 60 who took part in such schemes, 5.29 million had received insurance subsidies from the government, which paid for 96.8 percent of their premiums. Impoverished disabled persons subscribing to basic medical insurance pay a reduced premium, and kinesitherapy and 28 other medical rehabilitation programs are now covered by basic medical insurance.

残疾人康复权保障体系逐步完善。全面开展残疾预防，深度推进精准康复，努力实现残疾人“人人享有康复服务”的目标。实施《残疾预防和残疾人康复条例》，残疾人康复机构从无到有，专业队伍逐渐壮大，工作体系、业务格局、运行机制逐步建立，服务能力日益提高。截至2017年，全国已竣工并投入使用的省、市、县三级康复设施833个，全国残疾人专业康复服务机构8334个，在岗人员24.6万人，2000多个县（市、区）开展社区康复服务。建立残疾儿童康复救助制度，为残疾儿童接受基本康复救助提供制度性保障。8个省市建立了残疾人辅助器具补贴制度，减轻了残疾人家庭经济负担。完善工伤康复制度，提高伤残抚恤标准。2017年，残疾人康复服务覆盖率达到65.6%。
The system for ensuring disabled persons' right to rehabilitation has improved. China has introduced programs on preventing disabilities and implemented targeted rehabilitation programs, so that every disabled person has access to rehabilitation services. The state has issued the Regulations on the Prevention of Disabilities and Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons, building rehabilitation centers with standard practices and operating models, and developing professionals capable of delivering consistent quality services. By 2017 there were 833 rehabilitation facilities at the provincial, city and county levels nationwide, and 8,334 professional rehabilitation services for the disabled, with a team of 246,000 professionals. More than 2,000 counties (cities, districts) provided community rehabilitation services. A mechanism for providing rehabilitation services to disabled children has been established. Eight provinces and municipalities now provide subsidies to the disabled when they buy assistance devices, lightening the economic burden of families with disabled members. The state has improved the work-related injury rehabilitation system, and increased compensation for disabilities caused by work-related injuries. In 2017, 65.6 percent of disabled persons were covered by rehabilitation services.

残疾人受教育权保障持续改善。中国保障残疾人享有平等受教育权，颁布修订了《残疾人教育条例》，将残疾人教育纳入《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010－2020年）》和《“十三五”推进基本公共服务均等化规划》，制定实施两期《特殊教育提升计划》，着力办好特殊教育，努力发展融合教育，提高残疾人受教育水平。建立从幼儿园到高等院校的残疾学生资助体系，自2016年秋季起，为家庭经济困难的残疾学生提供从小学到高中阶段的12年免费教育。截至2016年，视力、听力、智力三类残疾儿童义务教育入学率超过90%，其他类别残疾儿童受教育机会明显增加。鼓励特殊教育学校增设学前班或附属幼儿园，将残疾儿童接受学前教育纳入幼儿资助范围。2017年，全国共有特殊教育普通高中班（部）112个，在校生8466人；残疾人中等职业学校（班）132个，在校生12968人；1845名残疾人进入高等特殊教育学院学习。努力发展融合教育。2017年，义务教育阶段普通学校在校残疾学生超过30万人，占义务教育阶段残疾学生总数的比例超过50%，10818名残疾人被普通高等院校录取。
Disabled persons' right to education is better protected. China ensures that the disabled enjoy equal right to education. The government has promulgated and revised the Regulations on Education for the Disabled, including their education in China's Middle-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Program 2010-2020 and the Program for Equitable Access to Basic Public Services During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period. China has twice implemented the Special Education Promotion Plan, striving to develop special education and inclusive education to increase the level of education for the disabled. The state has established a funding system for disabled students from kindergarten to higher education. In autumn 2016 China began to provide 12-year free education from primary to senior high school for disabled students from poor families. By 2016 over 90 percent of children with impaired eyesight, hearing or mental disability had received compulsory education, and children with other types of disability also had increased access to education. The state encourages special education schools to run preschool courses or kindergartens, and has provided funding for disabled children receiving preschool education. In 2017 China had 112 senior high classes (departments) in special education, with 8,466 students on campus, and 132 secondary vocational schools (classes) for the disabled, with 12,968 students. 1,845 disabled persons studied at colleges of special education. China strives to develop inclusive education. In 2017, more than 300,000 disabled students-over 50 percent of all disabled students receiving compulsory education-studied at regular schools during the compulsory education phase, and 10,818 disabled persons were enrolled at regular institutions of higher learning.

残疾人文化权利保障取得显著进步。残疾人文化服务纳入国家公共文化服务体系。截至2017年，全国省、地市级电视台共开设电视手语栏目285个，广播电台共开设残疾人专题广播节目223个，省、地、县三级公共图书馆共设立盲文及盲文有声读物阅览室959个，座席数达2.5万个。在全国开展残疾人文化周和“共享芬芳”公益巡演展览等文化活动，每年有200多万残疾人参与。努力发展残疾人特殊艺术，每四年举办一届全国残疾人艺术汇演，每届直接和间接参与的残疾人达10余万人。全国各类残疾人艺术团体快速发展，已达281个，残疾人文化艺术从业人员近30万名。结合文化扶贫、文化助残，实施“文化进社区”“文化进家庭”“盲人数字阅读推广工程”等项目，为基层残疾人提供优秀文化产品和服务。
Disabled persons' cultural rights are ensured. Cultural services for the disabled have been included in the nation's public cultural services system. By 2017 China's provincial-and prefecture-level television stations had run 285 programs employing sign language. Broadcasting stations had aired 223 radio programs specially for the disabled, and public libraries at the provincial, prefecture and county levels had set up 959 reading rooms with books in Braille and audio books, providing some 25,000 seats. Each year, more than 2 million disabled persons take part in cultural weeks and enjoy charity performances and exhibitions nationwide. To develop disabled arts, the state holds a national disabled arts variety show every four years, with some 100,000 disabled persons attending each time. Art troupes of the disabled have grown quickly to 281 in number, and nearly 300,000 disabled persons work in the culture and arts industry. The government provides cultural services to impoverished disabled persons, and to their families and communities. Through the "digital reading" promotion program for visually impaired persons and many other programs, China offers quality cultural products and services to its disabled population.

残疾人就业权获得有效保障。残疾人劳动就业的基本权利受到法律的严格保护。省、市、县三级政府建立了专门的残疾人就业服务机构，截至2017年，残疾人就业服务机构近3000家，工作人员1.5万人。实施残疾人职业技能提升计划，建立了500家国家级残疾人职业培训基地，350家省级残疾人职业培训基地。2013年以来，中国政府为近1800万残疾人建立了就业和培训信息档案，年均新增就业33.3万残疾人。截至2017年，城乡持证残疾人就业人数达到942.1万人。
Disabled persons' right to employment is effectively guaranteed. The basic right of disabled persons to employment is strictly protected by law. In China, the provincial, city and county governments have established offices in service of disabled persons seeking employment. By 2017 there were nearly 3,000 such offices with a staff of 15,000. China has initiated an occupational skills promotion program for the disabled, setting up 500 state-level and 350 provincial-level vocational training bases. Since 2013 the Chinese government has kept files on employment and training for 18 million disabled persons, and each year some 333,000 disabled persons enter the workforce. By 2017 more than 9.42 million registered disabled persons were working in urban and rural areas.

无障碍环境支持与辅助器具服务加速推进。制定并实施《无障碍环境建设条例》，在无障碍设施建设、信息交流、社区服务等方面作出规定，保障残疾人等社会成员平等参与社会生活。截至2017年，全国共出台451个省、地市、县级无障碍建设与管理的法规、规章和规范性文件。2016年至2017年共有182.8万个残疾人家庭得到无障碍改造。信息无障碍建设步伐加快，截至2018年1月，500多家政府单位完成了信息无障碍公共服务平台建设，3万多个政务和公共服务网站实现了无障碍。累计建立残疾人健身示范点9053个，22.2万户重度残疾人享受到康复体育关爱家庭项目服务。2017年，有244.4万残疾人得到盲杖、助视器、假肢等各类辅助器具适配服务。维护残疾人驾驶机动车权利，已有16万残疾人领取了机动车驾驶证，残疾人个人行动和社会参与能力得到提升。
More barrier-free facilities and assistance devices have been provided. China has released the Regulations on the Building of Barrier-Free Environments, with provisions on the building of barrier-free facilities, information exchange, and community services, in an effort to ensure that disabled persons can participate equally in social life. By 2017 a total of 451 laws, regulations and normative documents on the construction and management of barrier-free facilities had been issued at the provincial, prefecture and county levels. Between 2016 and 2017 the government helped 1.83 million families with disabled members renovate their homes with barrier-free facilities. China is moving faster to provide barrier-free information services. By January 2018 more than 500 government organs had set up barrier-free public service information platforms, and more than 30,000 websites on government affairs and public services are barrier-free. A total of 9,053 fitness facilities for the disabled have been established, and 222,000 families with severely disabled members have received rehabilitation and fitness services. In 2017 2.44 million disabled persons were provided with tactile sticks, visual aids, artificial limbs and other assistance devices. The disabled persons' right to drive motor vehicles is protected. Some 160,000 disabled persons who have obtained their drivers' licenses can now travel and take part in various activities more freely.