2020年9月新闻热词汇总

正当防卫 justifiable defense

最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部近日联合发布《关于依法适用正当防卫制度的指导意见》，对依法准确适用正当防卫制度作出较为全面系统的规定。

The premise of justifiable defense is the existence of unlawful infringement, which includes not only infringement on the right to life and health, but also the violation of personal freedoms, public and private property, among other rights, according to the guideline.
指导意见明确，正当防卫的前提是存在不法侵害。不法侵害既包括侵犯生命、健康权利的行为，也包括侵犯人身自由、公私财产等权利的行为。

【知识点】

正当防卫（justifiable defense），指对正在进行不法侵害行为的人采取的制止不法侵害的行为，对不法侵害人造成一定限度损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。

我国《刑法》第二十条对正当防卫的规定是：

为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行为，对不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。
If a person employs an act to stop an unlawful infringement for the purposes of avoiding the said infringement for the State's or the public interest or for his own or another person's right of the person, property right or any other right, thus causing harm to the unlawful infringer, the said act shall be regarded as a justifiable defense and the said person shall not bear criminal responsibility.

正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。
If a justifiable defense apparently exceeds the limits of necessity, thus causing a serious harm, the person involved shall bear criminal responsibility, but be given a mitigated punishment or be exempt from punishment.

对正在进行行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防卫行为，造成不法侵害人伤亡的，不属于防卫过当，不负刑事责任。
If a person employs an act of defense to an immediate violent crime of committing physical assault, homicide, robbery, rape, kidnapping or any other crime seriously endangering the safety of another person, thus causing bodily injury or death to the unlawful infringer, the said act shall not be regarded as a defense that exceeds the limits of necessity, and the said person shall not bear criminal responsibility.

其中，“正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的，应当负刑事责任”指的就是“防卫过当（excessive defense）”。

在正当防卫制度的具体适用上，指导意见还提出了 “十个准确”规则。例如，要准确把握正当防卫的起因条件（causal conditions for justifiable defense）、准确把握正当防卫的时间条件（timing of justifiable defense）、准确把握防卫过当的意图条件（intentions of excessive defense）、准确把握防卫过当的刑罚裁量（punishment for excessive defense）及特殊防卫的认定条件等。

If someone finds that others are causing damage to national or public security, efforts to stop them will also be regarded as self-defense. For example, passengers can stop people trying to grab steering wheels or attack bus drivers while vehicles are in motion, according to the guideline.
指导意见明确，阻止危害国家或公共安全的行为被视为正当防卫。比如，在行驶的车辆上，乘客对于正在进行的拉拽方向盘、殴打司机等行为，可以实行防卫。

In addition, when a person is attacked by a group of people, he or she can fight back not only against the attackers as self-defense, but also those organizing or instigating the attack at the scene, it added.
对于多人共同实施不法侵害的，既可以针对直接实施不法侵害的人进行防卫，也可以针对在现场共同实施不法侵害的人进行防卫。

学位互认 mutual recognition of qualifications and academic degrees

China has established educational cooperation and exchange with 188 countries and regions and 46 international organizations, and forged agreements with 54 countries on mutual recognition of qualifications and academic degrees in higher education,said Liu Jin, director of the Department of International Cooperation and Exchanges of the MOE.
教育部国际合作与交流司司长刘锦表示，中国已与188个国家和地区、46个重要国际组织建立了教育合作与交流关系，与54个国家签署了高等教育学历学位互认协议。

【单词讲解】

这里的forge原意是“锻造、铸造”（heat the metal and then hammer and bend it into the required shape），后引申出“制定、建立”等意思，比如：forge an agreement/forge a good relationship with...（与...签署协议/建立良好的关系）等。此外，forge这个词还用来表示“伪造”，比如：forge passport（伪造护照）、forge one's signature（伪造某人的签名），所以其名词形式forgery就表示“伪造罪；赝品”，比如：this painting is a forgery.（这幅画是赝品）。

中国致力于提高双向留学质量

China is the world's largest source of international students, with about 1.4 million Chinese now studying abroad.
中国是全球最大留学生源地国，目前在海外的留学生约140万人。

Meanwhile, an increasing number of foreign students choose to study in China. The Chinese government has set up the "Silk Road" scholarship program to help train talents for countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.
同时，来华留学生数量持续增加。中国政府设立了“丝绸之路”奖学金项目，助力“一带一路”人才培养。

【单词讲解】

离开自己所在的国家去其他国家和地区的学校学习深造的所有学生统称为international students（国际学生/留学生），对于本国的学生来说，从其他国家来我国学习的学生就是foreign students，而离开我们国家去外国学习的学生则是overseas students，学成回国的“海归”就是overseas returnees。这几年很流行的“出国游学”就是overseas study tour。

刘锦表示，

Despite the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, China will further deepen cooperation and exchange with other countries in the education sector.
虽然受到新冠肺炎疫情影响，中国仍将继续致力于深化拓展与世界各国在教育领域的互利合作和交流互鉴。

商业短信 commercial short messages

工信部发布《通信短信息和语音呼叫服务管理规定（征求意见稿）》，拟对商业性短信息及商业性电话的发送和拨打作出限制，意见反馈截止到9月30日。

The draft regulations say organizations or individuals should not send any commercial short messages or make any commercial calls to users without their consent or request, or after they have been explicitly rejected.
意见稿提出，任何组织或个人未经用户同意或者请求，或者用户明确表示拒绝的，不得向其发送商业性短信息或拨打商业性电话。

【知识点】

商业性短信息（commercial short messages）或商业性电话（commercial calls），是指用于介绍、推销商品、服务或者商业投资机会的短信息或电话（short messages or calls used for introduction or marketing of products, services or business investment opportunities）。

Basic telecommunication business operators would not be allowed to provide any access services or communication resources for organizations and individuals that have not obtained business licenses for telecommunication services to engage in commercial short message and voice call services.
基础电信业务经营者不得为未取得电信业务经营许可的单位或者个人提供用于经营短信息和语音呼叫服务的接入服务及通信资源。

【单词讲解】

这里的engage in表示“从事、参与”等意思，通常情况下我们多用engage someone in something这个固定搭配，比如：You can engage the kids in a game this afternoon so that I can get some work done.（下午你让孩子们玩游戏，这样我就能干点儿活。）如果用这个搭配的被动形式，就是someone is engaged in doing something，表示“忙于做某事”，比如：Dad is engaged in fixing the car, so he can't talk right now.（爸爸忙着修车呢，没空讲话。）另外，我们看美剧的时候，经常会听到指挥官对手下的队员们说“do not engage”，意思就是“（遇到敌人）不要交战”，这种情况下engage就是不及物动词，表示“enter into conflict or battle”。

Suppliers of short message services should make sure users have agreed to or asked to receive commercial short messages before sending them out, with records of user consent to be kept for at least five months.
短信息服务提供者发送端口类商业性短信的，应当确保有关用户已同意或请求接收，并保留用户同意凭证至少5个月。

婚姻登记 marriage registration

民政部、全国妇联近日联合印发《关于加强新时代婚姻家庭辅导教育工作的指导意见》。

Local authorities in China have been asked to compile teaching materials and roll out tutoring sessions aimed at preparing young couples for married life and to introduce a ceremony for marriage certificate presentation to the marriage registration procedure, the guideline said.
指导意见要求，各地要编写婚前辅导教材，推出婚前辅导课程，帮助当事人做好进入婚姻状态的准备，同时还要在婚姻登记流程中引入颁证仪式。

【单词讲解】

这里的marriage registration（婚姻登记）是两人结婚必经的法定流程，只有在民政部门正式登记才算是合法夫妻（legally wedded couple）。关于“结婚”的英文表达，最简单的就是A marries/weds B，其他常用的表达还有，to tie the knot, to walk down the aisle, to get hitched等。To tie the knot（喜结连理）至少在13世纪就用来表示“结婚”的意思了，knot在很多文化中都被视为“坚不可摧的承诺”之意。To walk down the aisle则指举行婚礼时，新娘由家人陪伴走过教堂或礼堂的过道，来到新郎身旁，然后举行仪式。To get hitched更形象地表现了婚姻中两个人的关系，hitch本意是“拴住、套住”，get hitched就是两个人拴在一起。

根据意见要求，各地要着力提升结婚颁证服务水平，县级以上婚姻登记机关至少设立一个独立的颁证大厅，探索将颁证仪式引入结婚登记流程并实现颁证仪式常态化（include the certificate-issuing ceremony in the regular marriage registration procedure），通过引导婚姻当事人宣读结婚誓言（take wedding vows）、领取结婚证，在庄重神圣的仪式中宣告婚姻缔结，让当事人感悟铭记婚姻家庭蕴含的责任担当（better comprehend the responsibility that comes with marriage）。

婚姻家庭关系调适和离婚辅导

The guidelines also called for improving mechanisms for family dispute mediation and divorce counseling, and required marriage registries at the county level and above to set up mediation rooms.
意见同时强调，要深化婚姻家庭关系调适和离婚辅导，县级以上婚姻登记机关要设置婚姻家庭纠纷调解室。

They should also explore effective ways to intervene in faltering relationships and provide support during the cooling-off period before a divorce is granted, it said.
探索离婚冷静期内对当事人开展婚姻危机干预的有效方法和措施，并对当事人提供支持。

鸿蒙系统2.0 HarmonyOS2.0

Huawei Technologies Co said on Thursday that its in-house operating system HarmonyOS will be used in smartphones next year, marking a breakthrough in Chinese companies' efforts to commercialize self-developed operating systems and to build their own globally competitive software ecosystems.
华为9月10日宣布，其自有的鸿蒙操作系统明年将用于智能手机，这标志着中国企业在自主操作系统商用以及建立具有全球竞争力的自有软件生态系统方面有了重大突破。

【知识点】

在2019年开发者大会上，华为正式发布鸿蒙操作系统。“鸿蒙”在汉语词典里解释是：古人认为天地开辟之前是一团混沌的元气，这种自然的元气叫做鸿蒙。但鸿蒙系统的英文名却并没有直接采用汉语拼音HongMeng，而是取名Harmony。余承东是这样解释的：“‘鸿蒙’中文有‘开天辟地’的意思，最接近的英语单词就是Genesis（读作['d?en?s?s]）。用汉语拼音太难发音了，所以我们取名Harmony，希望给世界带来更多和平（peace）、方便（convenience）。”

这里的OS是operating system的简写形式，比如苹果的操作系统就是iOS，安卓的操作系统就是Android OS。

HarmonyOS is already used in Huawei's smart TV products. With the upgrade of the system, HarmonyOS will be used in smartwatches, personal computers and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices later.
鸿蒙操作系统已经在华为智能电视产品中使用，随着系统升级，未来智能手表、个人电脑以及其他物联网设备也将使用鸿蒙操作系统。

本次开发者大会上，华为面向全球首发了HMS Core 5.0。

HMS是华为移动服务（Huawei Mobile Services）的简写形式，是华为为其设备生态系统提供的一套应用程序和服务，这是华为构建应用生态的第一步。HMS是华为云服务的合集，包含华为账号、应用内支付、华为推送服务、华为云盘服务、华为广告服务、消息服务、付费下载服务、快应用等服务。

Huawei said the mobile applications integrated with HMS so far have exceeded 96,000. The number of developers of HMS now stands at over 1.8 million.
华为表示，在全球180万开发者的支持下，目前已有超过9.6万个应用集成HMS Core。

鸿蒙OS将正式开源

Huawei has also promised to make HarmonyOS open source, which means anyone can freely examine the system specification to make sure there's no problem.
华为同时承诺让鸿蒙操作系统开源，这意味着任何人都可以自由查看系统详情确保运行顺畅。

The code for small Internet of Things (IoT) devices with 128 megabytes or less storage is available now.
目前，鸿蒙系统已对128MB以下小型物联网终端设备开源。

The code for larger devices will be freely published in April 2021, and the remaining code will be available for download by October 2021.
2021年4月将面向内存更大一些的终端设备开源、2021年10月以后将面向其余设备开源。