2020年美国侵犯人权报告（双语全文）

三、种族歧视恶化少数族裔处境
III. Ethnic minorities devastated by racial discrimination

在美国，种族主义是全面性、系统性、持续性的存在。美国前总统奥巴马对这一现状无奈地表示：“因种族而被区别对待是数百万美国人悲剧性的、痛苦的、愤怒的‘常态’。”2020年6月，联合国人权事务高级专员米歇尔·巴切莱特连发两条媒体声明，强调非洲裔男子弗洛伊德死亡引发的抗议活动不仅凸显了美国警察对有色人种的暴力执法问题，也凸显了美国在卫生、教育、就业等方面的不平等和种族歧视问题。如果美国想要结束种族主义和暴力的悲惨历史，就必须予以倾听和解决。6月17日，联合国人权理事会第43次会议召开种族主义问题紧急辩论，这是人权理事会历史上首次就美国人权问题召开紧急会议。11月9日，美国在接受联合国人权理事会第三轮国别人权审查时，因种族歧视问题遭致国际社会严厉批评。联合国消除种族歧视委员会等机构指出，美国的种族主义令人震惊，白人种族主义者、新纳粹分子和三K党成员公然使用种族主义的标语、口号，宣扬白人至上，煽动种族歧视和仇恨；政治人物越来越多地使用分裂性语言，试图将种族、族裔和宗教少数群体边缘化，等同于煽动和助长暴力、不容忍和偏执。联合国当代形式种族主义问题特别报告员滕达伊·阿丘梅认为，对于非洲裔美国人来说，美国的法律体系已经无法解决种族不公与歧视。
In the United States, racism exists in a comprehensive, systematic and continuous manner. Former U.S. President Barack Obama said helplessly that “for millions of Americans, being treated differently on account of race is tragically, painfully, maddeningly ‘normal’.” In June 2020, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet made two consecutive media statements, emphasizing that the protests triggered by the death of George Floyd, an African American, highlighted not only the issue of police brutality against people of color, but also inequality and racial discrimination in health, education, and employment in the United States. The grievances need to be heard and addressed if the country is to move on from its tragic history of racism and violence. On June 17, 2020, the 43rd session of the UN Human Rights Council held an urgent debate on racism. This was the first time in the history of the Human Rights Council that an urgent meeting on the human rights issues of the United States was held. On Nov. 9, 2020, the United States was severely criticized by the international community for racial discrimination when it was in the third cycle of Universal Periodic Review by the United Nations Human Rights Council. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination of the United Nations and other institutions pointed out that racism in the United States is horrific. The white nationalists, neo-Nazis, and the Ku Klux Klan overtly use racist slogans, chants and salutes to promote white supremacy and incite racial discrimination and hatred. Political figures increasingly use divisive language in attempts to marginalize racial, ethnic and religious minorities, which amounts to inciting and fueling violence, intolerance and bigotry. Tendayi Achiume, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, believes that for black people in the United States, the domestic legal system has utterly failed to acknowledge and confront the racial injustice and discrimination that are so deeply entrenched in law enforcement.

印第安人权利遭受侵犯。美国政府在历史上对印第安人进行过系统性种族清洗和大屠杀，犯下罄竹难书的反人类罪和种族灭绝罪行，美国印第安人今天仍然过着二等公民般的生活，权利饱受践踏。美国许多低收入社区中的印第安人等土著人遭受核废料等有毒环境影响，罹患癌症、心脏病的比率非常高。很多土著人生活在危险废物处置场附近，出生缺陷率畸高。2020年8月5日，联合国危险物质及废料的无害环境管理和处置对人权的影响问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第36/15号决议发布的报告指出，美国土著人面临采掘业、农业和制造业释放或产生的有毒污染物，包括遭受核废料放射性影响，并且采矿废物造成的土壤和铅尘污染对其健康造成的影响远超其他群体。联合国宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员根据联大74/145号决议编写的报告指出，美国政府未经土著群体同意，或违反其传统土地所有权和集体土地所有权，将印第安“立岩”苏族部落等的土地开放接受投资。联合国适当生活水准权问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第43/14号决议编写的报告指出，少数群体和土著人受新冠肺炎疫情的影响最具破坏性，美国土著人的住院率是非拉美裔白人的5倍，死亡率也远超白人。
Rights of the American Indians were violated. The United States has carried out systematic ethnic cleansing and massacres of Indians in history, and committed countless crimes against humanity and genocides. American Indians still live a life like a second-class citizen and their rights have been trampled over. Many indigenous peoples, such as the American Indians, who live in low-income communities in the United States, suffer from higher rates of cancer and heart diseases from toxic radioactive environments. Many indigenous people live near hazardous waste disposal sites and have an abnormally high rate of birth defects. On Aug. 5, 2020, the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 36/15, decried the situation of indigenous peoples in the United States. They are exposed to toxic pollutants, including nuclear waste, released or produced by extractive industries, agriculture and manufacturing. The soil and lead dust pollution from mining waste poses a more significant health threat for indigenous peoples in the United States than other groups. The report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief in accordance with General Assembly resolution 74/145 found out that the United States had opened up the lands of indigenous communities, including the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, to investment without the communities’ consent or in contravention of their customary and collective land ownership. The report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, released in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 43/14, said that some of the most devastating effects of COVID-19 had been felt by racial and ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples. The hospitalization rate of Native Americans was five times that of non-Hispanic white Americans. The death rate of Native Americans also far exceeded that of white Americans.

对亚裔群体的欺凌加剧。疫情暴发以来，亚裔美国人在公共场合遭受羞辱甚至攻击的事件比比皆是，一些美国政客对此更是有意误导。《纽约时报》网站2020年4月16日指出，“新冠病毒肆虐期间，在美国身为亚裔是一种非常孤独的感觉”。全国广播公司网站2020年9月17日报道，一项针对美国亚裔年轻人的调查显示，在过去一年中，四分之一的美国亚裔年轻人成为种族欺凌目标；在时任美国政府领导人种族主义言论的推波助澜下，近一半受访者对自身所处境遇表示悲观，四分之一的受访者对自己及家人所处的境遇表示恐惧。联合国当代形式种族主义问题特别报告员滕达伊·阿丘梅2020年3月23日和4月21日先后指出，有关国家政客主动发表公开或暗示性的仇外言论，使用别有用心的名称来替代新冠肺炎病毒，这种把特定疾病与某个具体国家或民族相联系的仇外表达不负责任、令人不安。美国政府官员公然煽动、引导和纵容种族歧视，无异于对现代人权观念的悍然羞辱。
Bullying against Asian Americans escalated. Since the pandemic began, the incidents of Asian Americans being humiliated and even assaulted in public have been found everywhere, and some American politicians have misled the public on purpose. “It’s very lonely to be Asians in the United States during the raging pandemic,” said a report published on the website of the New York Times on April 16, 2020. A survey of young Asian Americans showed that in the past year, a quarter of young Asian Americans became targets of racial bullying; fueled by the racist remarks of the then American leader, nearly half of the respondents expressed pessimism about their situation, and a quarter of the respondents expressed fear about the situation of themselves and their families, according to a report published on the website of the National Broadcasting Corporation on Sept. 17, 2020. Tendayi Achiume, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, said on March 23 and April 21, 2020, that politicians of relevant countries took the initiative to make open or suggestive xenophobic remarks, adopting alternative names with ulterior motives for the novel coronavirus. Their remarks that associated a specific disease with a specific country or ethnicity were irresponsible and disturbing, according to the Special Rapporteur. U.S. government officials openly incited, induced, and condoned racial discrimination, which was tantamount to humiliating modern human rights concepts.

仇恨犯罪居高不下凸显种族关系恶化。联邦调查局2020年发布的报告显示，在2019年执法部门报告的8302起单一偏见引起的仇恨犯罪案件中，57.6%涉及种族族裔身份，其中高达48.4%是针对非洲裔，15.8%是针对白人，14.1%是针对拉美裔，4.3%是针对亚裔。在种族仇恨犯罪案件的4930名受害者中，非洲裔多达2391人。《今日美国报》网站2020年5月20日报道，一些美国人将疫情的暴发归咎于亚裔，对亚裔的歧视、骚扰和仇恨犯罪事件越来越多。民权组织“停止仇恨亚裔美国人与太平洋岛居民”的统计数据显示，2020年前7个月，美国共发生2300余起针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪。
The high level of hate crimes highlighted the deterioration of race relations. An FBI report released in 2020 showed that 57.6 percent of the 8,302 single-bias hate crime offenses reported by law enforcement agencies in 2019 were motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry. Of these offenses, 48.4 percent were motivated by anti-black or African American bias; 15.8 percent stemmed from anti-white bias; 14.1 percent were classified as anti-Hispanic or Latino bias; 4.3 percent resulted from anti-Asian bias. Among the 4,930 victims of racial hate crimes, as many as 2,391 were of African descent. Some Americans blamed the outbreak of the pandemic on Asian Americans, and there had been an increase in the number of hate crimes and incidents of harassment and discrimination against Asian Americans, according to a report published on the website of USA Today on May 20. Statistics from the civil rights organization Stop AAPI Hate showed there were over 2,300 anti-Asian hate crimes in the U.S. during the first seven months of 2020.

警察暴力执法导致非洲裔死亡案件频发。2020年3月13日，26岁的非洲裔女子布伦娜·泰勒在自己家中被警察射中8枪致死。2020年5月25日，46岁的非洲裔男子乔治·弗洛伊德被白人警察当街残忍“跪杀”。2020年8月23日，29岁的非洲裔男子雅各布·布莱克在打开车门要上车时被警察从背后连开7枪导致重伤，事发时布莱克3个年幼的孩子就在车上目睹了这一恐怖经过。“警察暴力地图”网站数据显示，2020年美国警察共枪杀1127人，其中只有18天没有杀人。非洲裔只占美国总人口的13%，却占被警察枪杀人数的28%，非洲裔被警察杀死的概率是白人的3倍。2013年至2020年，约98%的涉案警察未被指控犯罪，被定罪的警察更是少之又少。
Unchecked police violence led to frequent deaths of African Americans. On March 13, 2020, Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American woman, was shot eight times and killed by police in her own home. On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American was killed after a white policeman kneeled on his neck in the street. On Aug. 23, 2020, Jacob Blake, a 29-year-old African American, was severely injured after police officers shot him seven times in the back when Blake was getting into a car. At the time, Blake’s three kids were in the car, witnessing the horrible act. American police shot and killed a total of 1,127 people in 2020, with no killing reported in just 18 days, according to Mapping Police Violence. African Americans made up 13 percent of the U.S. population, but accounted for 28 percent of the people killed by the police. African Americans were approximately three times more likely than white people to be killed by police. From 2013 to 2020, about 98 percent of the police involved in shooting cases were not charged with a crime, and the number of convicted was even smaller.

有色人种受疫情危害更大。2020年8月21日，联合国人权理事会非洲人后裔问题专家工作组向人权理事会第45次会议提交报告指出，美国新冠肺炎病毒的感染率和死亡率体现了明显的种族差异，非洲裔的感染率、住院率和死亡率分别是白人的3倍、5倍和2倍。英国《金融时报》网站2020年5月15日报道称，“没有什么比这场疫情下的生与死更能体现美国的肤色差异了”。美国疾病控制与预防中心2020年8月7日发布的报告显示，疫情中的种族差异扩大到了儿童。拉美裔儿童因新冠肺炎住院的比率是白人儿童的9倍，非洲裔儿童住院的比率是白人儿童的6倍。（注10）《洛杉矶时报》网站2020年7月10日报道，洛杉矶公共卫生总监芭芭拉·费雷尔指出，病毒对非洲裔和拉美裔居民造成的严重影响，根源在于“种族主义和歧视对获得健康所需资源和机会的影响”。《今日美国报》网站2020年10月22日评论指出，有色人种死于疫情的人数远远多于白人，可归因于不平等的教育与经济体系导致有色人种得不到高薪工作，住房歧视导致有色人种居住密集，以及以牺牲穷人为代价的环境政策等。在新冠肺炎死亡率最高的10个县中，有7个县是有色人种人口占大多数；在死亡率最高的前50个县中，有31个县的居住者主要是有色人种。
People of color were more harmed by the epidemic. The infection rate and death rate of COVID-19 in the United States showed significant racial differences, with the infection rate, hospitalization rate and death rate of African Americans being three times, five times and twice that of white people respectively, according to a report delivered by the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent to the UN Human Rights Council on Aug. 21, 2020. “Nothing brings into sharper relief America’s color disparities than life and death in the Great Lockdown,” said a report published on the website of the Financial Times on May 15, 2020. Racial disparities in the epidemic extend to children, according to a report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Aug. 7, 2020. Latino and black children were hospitalized with COVID-19 at a rate nine times and six times that of white kids, respectively. Barbara Ferrer, director of public health for Los Angeles County, said the disproportionate impact of the coronavirus on black and Latino residents is rooted in the impact of racism and discrimination on the access to the resources and opportunities that are needed to good health, according to the website of the Los Angeles Times on July 10, 2020. COVID-19 kills far more people of color than white Americans, which could be attributed to America’s unequal education and economic systems that disproportionately leave people of color out of higher-wage jobs, discrimination in housing that corralled people of color into tightly packed neighborhoods, and environmental policies designed by white power brokers at the expense of the poor, an article by USA Today said. Of the 10 U.S. counties with the highest death rates from COVID-19, seven have populations where people of color make up the majority, according to data compiled by USA Today. Of the top 50 counties with the highest death rates, 31 are populated mostly by people of color.

有色人种面临更严重的失业威胁。英国《卫报》网站2020年4月28日评论称，“最后被雇佣，最先被解雇”是非洲裔美国人最无奈的现实。美国劳工部2020年5月8日发布的报告显示，4月份非洲裔和拉美裔的失业率分别飙升至16.7%和18.9%，创历史最高纪录。（注11）《华盛顿邮报》网站2020年6月4日报道，经过严重疫情后，只有不到一半的非洲裔美国成年人还拥有工作。美国劳工部2020年9月发布的数据显示，非洲裔的失业率比白人高出近一倍。（注12）《基督教科学箴言报》2020年7月20日报道，工会领导者呼吁美国劳工在20多个城市罢工，以抗议在疫情期间加剧的系统性种族主义和经济不平等。
People of color faced an even greater threat of unemployment. The Guardian commented in an article on April 28, 2020 that the “last hired, first fired” phenomenon was the most frustrating reality for African Americans. A report released by the U.S. Department of Labor on May 8, 2020 revealed the unemployment rate of African Americans and Latinos soared to 16.7 percent and 18.9 percent respectively in April, both the highest on record. The Washington Post reported on June 4, 2020 that after the Great Lockdown in spring, fewer than half of all black adults had a job. Figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor in September showed the jobless rate for the black people almost doubled that for the white. The Christian Science Monitor reported on July 20, 2020 that trade union leaders called for a national workers strike in more than two dozen U.S. cities to protest systemic racism and economic inequality that had only worsened during the novel coronavirus pandemic.

执法司法领域存在系统性种族歧视。《信使》杂志网2020年12月17日报道，在路易斯维尔市，尽管非洲裔美国人仅占当地驾龄人口的20%，且在搜查中发现违禁品的比率远低于白人，但警察对于非洲裔的搜查却占搜查总次数的57%，近3年内被逮捕者中有43.5%是非洲裔。英国广播公司网站2020年6月1日报道，尽管非洲裔仅占美国总人口的13%，却占监狱囚犯总数的三分之一，这意味着每10万名非洲裔中就有1000多人被监禁。美国全国州议会会议网站2020年7月15日发布的研究显示，有色人种在美国18岁以下未成年人中的比例约为三分之一，却占被监禁未成年人总数的三分之二。艾奥瓦公共广播新闻网2020年12月18日报道，在艾奥瓦州的监狱中，非洲裔的监禁率是白人的11倍。即使犯同一罪行，非洲裔也更可能被判更长的刑期。《洛杉矶时报》2020年9月15日报道，美国联邦司法系统死刑适用中也存在着种族偏见，杀害非洲裔比杀害白人面临死刑的可能性更低。当受害者是白人时，重罚有色人种犯罪嫌疑人的倾向更为明显。《戴维斯先锋报》网站2020年12月4日报道，自1976年以来，有色人种在美国的死刑执行中占比高达43%，目前等待执行的被告人中55%是有色人种。《迈阿密先驱报》网站2020年12月18日发表评论认为：“在我们的国家，刑事司法制度是由你的钱包和肤色来决定的。”
Systemic racial discrimination existed in law enforcement and justice. The Courier Journal reported on its website on Dec. 17, 2020 that although black people make up about 20 percent of Louisville’s driving-age population, they accounted for 57 percent of police searches, even though the police were far more likely to find contraband in searches of white people than black people. In the past three years, black people made up 43.5 percent of arrests by the Louisville Metro Police Department. African Americans made up around 13 percent of the U.S. population, but represented almost a third of the country’s prison population, which meant that there were more than 1,000 African-American prisoners for every 100,000 African American population. People of color constitute approximately one-third of the U.S. population under 18, but two-thirds of incarcerated minors, according to a report by the National Conference of State Legislatures on July 15, 2020. Iowa Public Radio News reported on Dec. 18, 2020 that in Iowa’s prisons, black Iowans were imprisoned at a rate 11 times that of white Iowans. Black people were probably sentenced to a longer jail term for the same offense. The Los Angeles Times reported on Sept. 15, 2020 that black people have been over-represented on death rows across the United States and killers of black people are less likely to face the death penalty than people who kill white people. Davis Vanguard reported on Dec. 4, 2020 that people of color account for a disproportionate 43 percent of executions in the U.S. since 1976, and 55 percent of defendants currently awaiting execution are people of color. “We live in a country where our criminal justice system is defined by the size of your wallet and the color of your skin,” said an article published by the Miami Herald on Dec. 18, 2020.

职场中的种族歧视根深蒂固。哥伦比亚广播公司新闻网2020年10月7日报道，对20多名现任和前任非洲裔美国特工的采访中，受访者都称联邦调查局的职场文化对少数族裔缺乏包容性。联邦调查局的10个最高领导职位目前全部由白人担任。全球13000名联邦调查局特工中，非洲裔仅占4%，非洲裔妇女仅占1%，这一比例几十年来几乎没有变化。联邦调查局在业务培训中不成比例地淘汰非洲裔申请者。该机构非洲裔事务多元化委员会负责人杰克逊表示，这是一种系统性的种族主义。《洛杉矶时报》网站2020年7月2日报道，脸书公司被指控在雇用、补偿和晋升方面存在对非洲裔的系统性歧视。数据显示，2019年在美国担任该公司技术职务的员工中只有1.5%是非洲裔，高级领导层中只有3.1%是非洲裔。过去5年，该公司的雇员增长了400%，但上述比例却几乎没有任何改变。
Workplace racial discrimination was deeply rooted. According to a CBS News report on Oct. 7, 2020, over 20 current and former black agents interviewed all described some sort of racial discrimination while in the FBI. Of the top 10 leadership positions in the FBI, all are currently held by white men. Currently, only 4 percent of the 13,000 FBI agents around the world are black, and black women only account for 1 percent, a number that has stayed virtually the same for decades. There were long-standing problems at the FBI such as the disproportionate weeding out of black applicants during the training process. As head of the FBI’s Black Affairs Diversity Committee, Eric Jackson called it “institutionalized racism.” According to a report by the Los Angeles Times on July 2, 2020, Facebook Inc. was accused of systemic discrimination in hiring, compensation and promotion of black people. Facebook’s own figures showed just 1.5 percent of employees in technical roles in the U.S. were black in 2019, and 3.1 percent were black among senior leadership. Those percentages have barely budged even as the company’s employees grew by 400 percent over the past five years.

对少数族裔的社会歧视广泛存在。《华尔街日报》和美国全国广播公司2020年7月9日进行的一项联合民意调查显示，56%的美国选民认为美国社会是种族主义社会，非洲裔和拉美裔受到歧视。《洛杉矶时报》网站2020年7月14日报道，弗洛伊德事件发生后，更多的白人也认为美国种族歧视问题严重。调查显示，白人受访者认为非洲裔经常受到歧视的可能性从2月的22%上升到7月的40%，认为拉美裔经常受到歧视的可能性从22%上升到32%，认为亚裔经常受到歧视的可能性从7%上升到20%。
Social discrimination against ethnic minorities was widespread. A poll conducted by the Wall Street Journal and NBC News on July 9, 2020 found that 56 percent of the U.S. voters believe American society is racist and blacks and Hispanics are discriminated against. The Los Angeles Times reported on July 14, 2020 that after the death of George Floyd, more white Americans recognized the serious racial discrimination in the United States. A July 2020 survey showed that compared with February, white respondents are 18 percentage points more likely to believe black Americans are discriminated against frequently (from 22 percent to 40 percent), 10 percentage points more likely to believe Latinos are discriminated against frequently (from 22 percent to 32 percent), and 13 percentage points more likely to believe Asians are discriminated against frequently (from 7 percent to 20 percent).

种族间的不平等进一步加剧。芝加哥大学和圣母大学的研究显示，2020年6月至11月，美国的贫困率上升了2.4个百分点，而非洲裔的贫困率上升了3.1个百分点。（注13）数据显示，白人家庭的财富中位数是非洲裔的42倍，是拉美裔的23倍。美联社2020年10月13日报道，美联储发布的数据显示，2019年只有33.5%的非洲裔家庭持有股票，远低于61%的白人家庭股票持有率。《今日美国报》网站2020年10月23日报道，2020年第一季度，美国白人家庭的住房拥有率为73.7%，而非洲裔家庭的住房拥有率却只有44%。《华盛顿邮报》网站2020年6月4日报道称，非洲裔美国人的生活处境极为艰难，超过五分之一的非洲裔家庭面临食物匮乏，这一比例超过白人家庭3倍之多。美国广播公司新闻网站2020年10月11日报道，2019年有15.7%的拉美裔生活在贫困之中，是白人的2倍多。
Inequality between races worsened. According to researchers from the University of Chicago and University of Notre Dame, the U.S. poverty rate jumped by 2.4 percentage points from June to November 2020, while the poverty rate among black Americans went up by 3.1 percentage points. Statistics showed the median white household has 41 times more wealth (measured as the sum of assets held by a family minus total household debt) than the median black family and 22 times more than the median Latino family. Citing data released by the Federal Reserve, the Associated Press reported on Oct. 13, 2020 that only 33.5 percent of black households owned stocks in 2019, compared with 61 percent for white households. USA Today reported on Oct. 23, 2020 that in the first quarter of 2020, the national homeownership rate for white households was 73.7 percent, but only 44 percent of black households owned a home. The Washington Post reported on June 4, 2020 that more than one in five black families now report they often or sometimes do not have enough food -- more than three times the rate for white families. ABC News reported on Oct. 11, 2020 that 15.7 percent of Latinos lived in poverty in 2019, a percentage more than double that of the white people.