2020年美国侵犯人权报告（双语全文）

四、社会持续动荡威胁公众安全
IV. Continuous Social Unrest Threatens Public Safety

政府维护治安不力，原本就高发的枪击事件和暴力犯罪在疫情期间迭创新高，民众恐慌难安。警察毫无节制地暴力执法，引发一次又一次席卷全国的抗议浪潮。警方滥用武力镇压抗议民众，大规模攻击和逮捕新闻记者，致使民怨进一步沸腾高涨，引发持续的社会动荡。
The government failed to maintain proper law and order, and shootings and violent crimes, which were already high in incidence, recorded new highs during the COVID-19 pandemic, causing panic among members of the public. The police’s unrestrained use of violence in law enforcement triggered waves of protests that swept across the country. The police had abused their force to suppress protesters, and attacked and arrested journalists on a large scale, further fueling public anger and continuous social unrest.

疫情期间犯罪率持续增长。新冠肺炎疫情大流行期间，尽管各种防疫措施导致户外活动大幅减少，但大城市的犯罪率却持续增长。根据联邦调查局2020年9月发布的《初步统一犯罪报告》，2020年上半年，美国的谋杀案比2019年同期增长14.8%，其中25万至50万人口城市的谋杀案增长26%；纵火案上升19%，其中人口超过100万城市的纵火案上升52%；芝加哥的谋杀案激增37%，纵火案激增52.9%；纽约和洛杉矶的谋杀案分别增长了23%和14%。
Crime rates were on the rise amid the pandemic. While outdoor activities were down drastically as a result of various epidemic response measures, the crime rates were up in large cities amid the pandemic. According to the FBI’s Preliminary Uniform Crime Report released in September 2020, in the first half of 2020, the number of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter offenses increased 14.8 percent year on year, with cities with populations of 250,000 to 500,000 reporting an increase of 26 percent. During the same period, the number of arson offenses increased 19 percent year on year, while such offenses rose 52 percent in cities with populations of 1 million and over. Murders in Chicago spiked by 37 percent, while arson in the city was up 52.9 percent. New York City recorded an increase of 23 percent in homicides, while Los Angeles saw murders rise by 14 percent.

暴力犯罪数量居高不下。联邦调查局2020年发布的报告显示，2019年美国共发生暴力犯罪案件120多万起，其中谋杀案16425起、强奸案139815起、抢劫案267988起、重伤案821182起。这意味着每10万居民中分别发生5起谋杀案、40余起强奸案、80余起抢劫案和250余起重伤案。
The number of violent crimes remained high. According to FBI reports released in 2020, more than 1.2 million violent crimes occurred in the United States in 2019, including 16,425 murders, 139,815 rapes, 267,988 robberies, and 821,182 aggravated assaults, translating to five murders, over 40 rapes, 80 robberies and 250 aggravated assaults per 100,000 inhabitants.

枪支交易和枪击事件再创历史新高。加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究发现，美国疫情失控导致人们对社会稳定失去信心，许多曾经反对拥枪的人士也开始购枪，导致疫情期间的枪支购买量飙升。（注14）《华盛顿邮报》网站2021年1月19日报道，在疫情失控、种族抗议和选举冲突交织影响下，2020年美国的枪支销量高达2300万支，比2019年激增64%。根据美国全国射击运动基金会的数据，2020年美国首次购买枪支的人数超过800万人。《今日美国报》网站2020年12月18日报道，美国的持枪杀人率是其他发达国家的25倍。“枪支暴力档案室”发布的数据显示，2020年美国共有超过41500人死于枪击，平均每天达110多人，创下历史最高纪录；全国共发生592起大规模枪击事件，平均每天超过1.6起。北卡罗来纳州查塔姆郡枪击案、加利福尼亚州河滨郡枪击案、阿拉巴马州摩根郡枪击案均造成7人死亡。芝加哥仅5月底的一个周末就有85人被枪击，其中24人死亡。2021年1月9日下午，32岁的枪手杰森·南丁格尔在芝加哥沿街疯狂滥杀民众，导致3人死亡、4人重伤。
Gun sales and shootings hit record high. A study from the University of California, Davis found a significant increase in firearm violence in the United States associated with the coronavirus-related surge in firearm purchasing. A new destabilizing sense as virus fears spread had been motivating even people who had considered themselves anti-gun to buy weapons for the first time. The Washington Post reported on its website on Jan. 19, 2021 that, COVID-19 lockdowns, anti-racism protests and election strife had led to record gun sales of about 23 million in 2020, a 64 percent increase over 2019 sales. The 2020 numbers include purchases by more than 8 million first-time buyers, according to the National Shooting Sports Foundation. USA Today reported on its website on Dec. 18, 2020 that, with regard to gun homicides, the United States has historically reported a rate about 25 times higher than other wealthy nations. According to data from Gun Violence Archive, more than 41,500 people died by gun violence in 2020 nationwide, an average of more than 110 a day, which is a record. There had been 592 mass shootings nationwide, an average of more than 1.6 a day. Shootings in Chatham County of North Carolina, Riverside County of California, and Morgan County of Alabama each claimed seven lives. A deadly weekend in Chicago came at the end of May, when 85 people were shot, 24 fatally. In the afternoon of Jan. 9, 2021, 32-year-old Jason Nightengale went on a random shooting rampage in Chicago, leaving three people killed and four others wounded.

弗洛伊德被警察当街跪杀引发骚乱。2020年5月25日晚，46岁的非洲裔男子乔治·弗洛伊德因涉嫌使用假钞购买香烟，被白人警察残忍跪压8分钟之久致死。明尼阿波利斯市市长雅各布·弗雷悲愤地说道：“我所看到的是彻彻底底的错误。作为黑人在美国不应等同于被判了死刑。”律师本·克拉姆普发表声明指出：“弗洛伊德受到的仅是一项非暴力指控，却因警察过度和不人道地滥用武力而丧生。”美国法治民权律师委员会会长克里斯汀·克拉克指出：“对这个国家的黑人来说，现在的绝望深不见底。毫无节制的警察暴行日积月累，酝酿了一场巨大风暴。”（注15）警察暴行引燃社会怒火，“黑人的命也是命”抗议浪潮席卷全美，并波及多个国家。美国各地骚乱连连升级，抗议人群堵塞道路、构筑街垒与警察对峙，大量警察局和公共机构、商场商店被洗劫。英国《卫报》网站2020年6月8日报道，乔治·弗洛伊德遭警察当街跪杀之后，美国50个州的大约140个城市都发生了针对这起谋杀的抗议和示威。
George Floyd’s death from police brutality sparked unrest. On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old African-American man from Minnesota, died after a white police officer kneeled on his neck for eight minutes during an arrest for forgery. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey said what he saw was “wrong on every level,” noting, “Being black in America should not be a death sentence.” Civil rights attorney Ben Crump said in a statement, “This abusive, excessive and inhumane use of force cost the life of a man who was being detained by the police for questioning about a non-violent charge.” Kristen Clarke, president and executive director of the National Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, said, “The depths of despair are enormous right now for black people in this country. You pile on unchecked police violence and it makes for a perfect storm.” The police brutality sparked visceral outrage, leading to protests in support of Black Lives Matter throughout the United States, as well as in other countries. The unrest escalated across the nation, with protesters blocking the streets and building barricades to confront the police. A large number of police stations, public institutions and shopping malls were looted. The Guardian reported on its website on June 8, 2020 that, since George Floyd’s death at the hands of police, about 140 cities in all 50 states throughout the United States have seen protests and demonstrations in response to the killing.

示威民众遭武力镇压。面对沸腾的民怨，时任美国政府领导人火上浇油，调集大批国民警卫队奔赴各地，号召开枪射击，现场橡皮子弹横飞，催泪瓦斯弥漫，民众惊恐不已，社会陷入一片混乱。政府派遣的联邦探员在各地随意抓捕抗议者，1万多人被逮捕，其中包含大量无辜民众。2020年，非洲裔女子布伦娜·泰勒被警察枪杀公之于众后，再次引爆“黑人的命也是命”抗议浪潮，仅在路易斯维尔的抗议活动中就有435人被逮捕。（注16）英国《卫报》网站2020年10月29日报道，2020年5月以来的反种族主义抗议中，美国至少发生了950起警察针对普通民众和记者的施暴事件。警方对抗议者使用了橡皮子弹、催泪瓦斯和“非法的致命性武力”。
The demonstrators were suppressed by force. In the face of visceral public grievances, the then U.S. administration leader added fuel to the fire by deploying a large number of National Guard soldiers across the country and calling for shooting. Targeted with flying rubber bullets and tear gas on site, the public were horrified and the society fell into chaos. U.S. federal agents had been grabbing protesters seemingly without cause. More than 10,000 individuals had been arrested, including many innocent people. The disclosure of the shooting death of Breonna Taylor, an African-American woman, during a police raid fueled a renewed wave of Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, with the city of Louisville alone reporting arrests of 435 individuals during the movement. The Guardian reported on its website on Oct. 29, 2020 that, at least 950 instances of police brutality against civilians and journalists during anti-racism protests had occurred since May 2020. The police had used rubber bullets, tear gas and “unlawful lethal force” against protesters.

新闻记者遭到执法部门前所未有的攻击。2020年美国至少有117名记者在报道反种族主义抗议等活动中被逮捕或拘留，比2019年暴增12倍。英国《卫报》网站2020年6月5日报道，“记者被警察殴打、喷胡椒喷雾和逮捕的数量在美国前所未有地增加”。在弗洛伊德事件发生后的一周内，美国便发生了148起逮捕或袭击记者事件，遭逮捕的记者人数超过了前三年的总和。“保护记者委员会”2020年12月14日发表声明称，美国记者在2020年遭遇了前所未有的攻击，其中大多数是被执法部门袭击的。
Journalists had been subject to unparalleled attacks by law enforcement. There were at least 117 cases of journalists being arrested or detained while on the job covering anti-racism protests in the United States in 2020, a 1,200-percent increase from the figure in 2019. The Guardian reported on its website on June 5, 2020 that, reporters were beaten, pepper-sprayed and arrested by police in numbers never before documented in the United States. There were 148 arrests or attacks on journalists in the country within one week after the George Floyd incident, which was more than what was recorded during the previous three years combined. The Committee to Protect Journalists said in a statement on Dec. 14, 2020 that, U.S. journalists faced unprecedented attacks in 2020, the majority by law enforcement.

五、贫富日益分化加剧社会不公
V. Growing Polarization Between Rich and Poor Aggravates Social Inequality

新冠肺炎疫情使美国社会深陷第二次世界大战以来最严重的经济衰退，企业大批倒闭，劳动者失去工作，贫富差距进一步扩大，底层民众生活苦不堪言。
The COVID-19 epidemic plunged the United States into the worst economic downturn since World War II. A large number of businesses shut down, workers lost their jobs, the gap between rich and poor widened, and the lives of the people at the bottom of society were miserable.

贫富差距加速扩大。彭博网站2020年10月8日报道，美国最富有的50人与最贫穷的1.65亿人拥有的财富相等，1%最富有的人拥有的净资产是50%最贫困人口的16.4倍。疫情进一步加剧了财富不平等状况。福布斯网站2020年12月11日报道，美国614位亿万富翁的集体净资产在疫情期间增加了9310亿美元。芝加哥大学和圣母大学的研究显示，美国的贫困率从2020年6月份的9.3%快速上升到11月份的11.7%。（注17）
The rich-poor divide further widened. The website of Bloomberg reported on Oct. 8, 2020 that the 50 richest Americans now hold almost as much wealth as the poorest 165 million people in the country. The richest 1 percent of Americans have a combined net worth that is 16.4 times that of the poorest 50 percent. The epidemic has aggravated wealth inequality. The website of Forbes reported on Dec. 11, 2020 that over the past months of the pandemic, the collective net worth of America’s 614 billionaires has increased by 931 billion U.S. dollars. America’s poverty rate jumped to 11.7 percent in November 2020, up from 9.3 percent in June, according to researchers from the University of Chicago and University of Notre Dame.

疫情失控引发大规模失业。《华盛顿邮报》网站2020年5月9日报道，美国企业倒闭和失业潮的速度及规模超乎想象，2050万人在短期内失去工作，几乎是2007年至2009年整个金融危机期间的2倍。高中以下教育程度人口的失业率2020年4月飙升至21.2%，创“大衰退”以来历史最高水平。《今日美国报》网站2020年8月8日报道，2020年6月，33个都会区失业率超过15%。2020年2月至5月，1150万美国女性失去工作。（注18）
Out-of-control epidemic led to mass unemployment. The speed and magnitude of business closures and job losses defied comparison, according to a report on the website of The Washington Post on May 9, 2020. Some 20.5 million people abruptly lost their jobs, which was roughly double what the nation experienced during the entire financial crisis from 2007 to 2009. In April 2020, the unemployment rate soared to 21.2 percent for people with less than a high school degree, surpassing the previous all-time high set in the aftermath of the Great Recession. The website of USA Today reported on Aug. 8, 2020 that 33 U.S. metro areas had a jobless rate of over 15 percent in June 2020. About 11.5 million American women lost their jobs between February and May 2020.

数千万人在疫情中陷入食物危机。“喂养美国”网站2020年10月更新的分析报告显示，超过5000万人陷入食物无保障状况，这意味着六分之一美国人、四分之一美国儿童面临饥饿威胁。英国《卫报》网站2020年11月25日报道，美国食物救助需求比疫情流行前高出60%。2020年感恩节期间，高达数百万美国人不得不依靠慈善机构的救助才能避免挨饿。
Tens of millions of people were in food crisis in the epidemic. More than 50 million people -- one in six Americans, including one in four children -- could experience food insecurity in 2020, according to an analysis report updated in October 2020 by Feeding America. The website of the Guardian reported on Nov. 25, 2020 that nationwide, demand for food aid has plateaued at about 60 percent higher than pre-pandemic times. Millions of Americans must rely on charity to put Thanksgiving dinner on the table in 2020.

医疗保险覆盖人群锐减。美国因政治极化一直未能实现全民医保，享有医保的人群又因疫情急剧缩减。2020年3月至5月，估计约2700万美国人由于疫情失去医疗保险。得克萨斯州未参加医疗保险的人数从430万人暴增至490万人，使得该州无医保人口比例升至30%。（注19）
Health insurance coverage plummeted. America has no universal health insurance because of political polarization and the number of people enjoying health insurance has shrunk sharply due to the epidemic. From March to May 2020, an estimated 27 million Americans have lost health insurance coverage in the pandemic. In Texas alone, the number of uninsured jumped from about 4.3 million to nearly 4.9 million, which means that three out of every 10 Texans are uninsured.

数字鸿沟加剧教育不平等。一份基于普查数据的分析报告指出，2018年，约1700万美国儿童生活在没有互联网的家庭中，700万儿童所在的家庭没有计算机。（注20）《政治家》网站2020年9月23日报道，距美国国会大厦仅一小时车程的巴尔的摩市在校儿童中就有三分之一的人没有电脑；三分之一的非洲裔、拉美裔和印第安人家庭没有互联网。在疫情期间远程教育成为主流教育模式的背景下，与较富裕的同龄人相比，低收入和少数族裔孩子的家庭背景使得他们难以拥有进行独立学习的技术条件和环境，因而在远程学习方面处于劣势地位，进一步加剧了由贫困和种族不平等造成的教育差距。
The digital divide aggravated educational inequality. In 2018, nearly 17 million children lived in homes without internet connection, and more than 7 million did not have computers at home, according to a report that analyzed census data for that year. The website of Politico reported on Sept. 23, 2020 that one in three students in Baltimore city, which is only an hour’s drive from the U.S. Capitol, has no computers. One in three African American, Latino or American Indian families do not have home internet. Virtual learning became a mainstream education pattern during the epidemic. Compared with their wealthier peers, low-income and minority children are less likely to have appropriate technology and home environments for independent study because of their family backgrounds and therefore are at a disadvantage in e-learning, further aggravating the educational divide caused by poverty and racial inequality.