2020年美国侵犯人权报告（双语全文）

二、美式民主失序引发政治乱象
II. American Democracy Disorder Triggers Political Chaos

美国自诩为民主制度的“样板”，动辄打着所谓维护民主、自由、人权的旗号对许多国家指手画脚、肆意打压。然而，金钱政治痼疾深重，民意操纵与谎言泛滥，美式民主不仅难以弥合日益极化的政治分歧，反而进一步加剧了美国社会的撕裂，导致美国民众的公民权利和政治权利有名无实。
Touting itself as the beacon of democracy, the United States has wantonly leveled criticism against and oppressed many other countries under the guise of upholding democracy, freedom and human rights. However, the U.S. society has been plagued by deep-rooted money politics, unchecked public opinion manipulation and rampant lies, and American democracy has further aggravated social division instead of bridging the increasingly polarized political differences. As a result, the American people enjoy their civil and political rights in name only.

金钱支配下的政治选举实质上成为“钱决”。金钱是美国政治的驱动力。美国的金钱政治扭曲了民意，把选举搞成了富人阶层的“独角戏”。2020年美国总统和国会选举的总支出高达140亿美元，是2016年的2倍多。其中，总统选举花费再创历史纪录，达到66亿美元；国会选举花费超过70亿美元。美国消费者新闻与商业频道网站2020年11月1日报道，在2020年的选举周期中，排在前10位的捐款者捐款总额超过6.4亿美元。除公开登记的选举捐款外，大量秘密资金和“黑钱”充斥着2020年的美国大选。根据纽约大学布伦南司法研究中心的分析，匿名捐款的“黑钱”组织通过广告支出和向各类超级政治行动委员会提供的捐款创了新的纪录，共为2020年的选举投入7.5亿多美元。（注9）
Influence of money in electoral politics essentially makes it a money-led election. Money is the driving force of American politics. America’s money politics has distorted public opinion, turning elections into a “one-man show” for the rich. The amount spent on the 2020 U.S. presidential and congressional campaigns hit nearly 14 billion U.S. dollars, more than double what was spent in the 2016 election. The presidential campaign saw a record high of 6.6 billion U.S. dollars in total spending, while congressional races finished with over 7 billion U.S. dollars. According to a Nov. 1, 2020 report on the website of CNBC, the top 10 donors in the 2020 U.S. election cycle contributed over 640 million U.S. dollars. In addition to publicly registered election donations, a large amount of secret funds and dark money flooded the 2020 U.S. elections. According to an analysis by the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University, dark money groups poured more than 750 million U.S. dollars into 2020 elections through ad spending and record-breaking contributions to political committees such as super political action committees.

民众对选举的信任陷入危机。盖洛普公司网站2020年10月8日公布的调查显示，对总统选举非常有信心的受访者比例仅有19%，创下自2004年以来该调查的最低纪录。《华尔街日报》网站2020年11月9日评论称，在2020年的选举中，人们对美国民主制度的信心下降至20年来最低点。
Public trust in U.S. elections was in crisis. According to Gallup’s figures released on Oct. 8, 2020, only 19 percent of Americans say they are “very confident” about the accuracy of the presidential election, the lowest Gallup has recorded in its trend dating back to 2004. According to a commentary carried by the Wall Street Journal on Nov. 9, 2020, the 2020 U.S. election can be seen as the culmination of a two-decade period of decline in faith in the basic building blocks of democracy.

政治极化现象日益严重。共和党和民主党之间的对立逐渐从政策之争变为身份之争，政治部落属性日趋明显，两党在诸多重大公共事项上僵持不下、无所作为，使国家治理陷入低效无能的泥淖。政客自甘堕落争权夺利，相互倾轧、攻讦缠斗成为美国的基本政治生态，各种丑陋攻击和低俗抹黑竞相上演。支持不同党派的选民在极端政客的挑唆煽动之下势不两立，情绪日趋狂热、沟通愈发艰难，仇恨政治演变为一场全国性的瘟疫，成为社会持续动荡撕裂的根源。皮尤研究中心网站2020年11月13日报道，美国社会出现了不同寻常的政治分裂。民主党人和共和党人之间在经济、种族、气候变化、执法、国际参与以及其他一系列问题上的分歧日益鲜明。2020年的总统选举使这些根深蒂固的分歧进一步深化。选举前一个月，两党候选人的支持者中有约80%的登记选民表示，他们与另一方的分歧不仅在于政治和政策上的不同，更在于核心价值观上的对立，约90%的选民担心对方的胜选会对美国造成“持久伤害”。
Political polarization grew. Disagreement between Democrats and Republicans has gradually changed from policy differences to identity battles with increasingly obvious political tribalism. The two parties have ended in deadlocks on many major public issues, thus leading to inefficient and incompetent state governance. Power plays between rival politicians in dogfights have become the hallmark of American politics, which saw a variety of shows featuring ugly attacks and vulgar smears. Voters supporting different parties are at loggerheads under the instigation of extreme politicians. Dominated by growing political fanaticism, the two camps are increasingly harder to talk to each other. Hate politics raged through the country and became the root cause of constant social unrest and division. According to a Nov. 13, 2020 report by Pew Research Center, America is exceptional in the nature of its political divide. There has been an increasingly stark disagreement between Democrats and Republicans on economy, racial justice, climate change, law enforcement, international engagement and a long list of other issues. The 2020 presidential election exacerbated these deep-seated divides. A month before the election, roughly 80 percent of the registered voters in both camps said their differences with the other side were about more than just politics and policies, but also about core American values, and about 90 percent in both camps worried that a victory by the other would lead to “lasting harm” to the United States.

权力制衡异化为否决政治。两党分裂强化了美国体制中固有的否决现象，权力分割和权力制衡变异为相互否决。两党恶斗不止，使国会陷入瘫痪，决策陷入僵局。在疫情暴发失控的危机局面下，两党不仅在诸多议题上一再缠斗，还把应对疫情冲击的第二轮纾困法案当作竞选工具，为了捞取选票拉锯扯皮拒不妥协，导致数百万底层民众生计艰难。否决政治造成国会和行政系统、联邦和州的尖锐对立。疫情期间，共和党总统和民主党占多数的众议院矛盾不断，联邦政府与民主党执政的“蓝州”冲突频发，不仅同各州抢夺抗疫物资，还屡屡和“蓝州”执行截然相反的疫情应对政策，导致民众无所适从。马萨诸塞州紧急购买的300万个N95口罩在运抵纽约港后竟被联邦政府拦截。
Power checks and balances have mutated into veto politics. The bipartisan divides intensified the veto practices inherent in the American system. The separation, check and balance of power have turned into vetoing each other. The two parties engaged in ferocious battles, paralyzing the Congress and deadlocking the decision-making. While the outbreak of COVID-19 went out of control, the two parties not only brawled with each other on multiple issues, but also took the bill for the second round of COVID-19 relief measures as their campaigning tool for election. The two parties filibustered and stalled each other for votes, leaving millions of grassroots people in livelihood predicament. The veto politics has caused acute confrontations between the Congress and the administrative system, as well as between the federal and state authorities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, frequent contradictions have taken place between the Republican president and the Democrats-dominated House of Representatives, and between the federal government and Democratic “blue states.” The federal government competed with the states in the scramble for anti-virus supplies, and was often at odds with the “blue states” in epidemic response policies, thus causing people to be at a loss. Massachusetts once arranged to buy 3 million N95 masks for urgent needs, but federal authorities seized them at the Port of New York.

选后暴乱凸显美式民主危机。选举没有解决美国政治分歧，反而使对立白热化。英国《卫报》网站2020年11月4日指出，无论谁赢得选举，美国仍然是一个严重分裂的国家，愤怒和仇恨将成为政治遗产。败选的共和党阵营指控大选存在多项欺诈，不接受总统选举结果，在密歇根州、威斯康星州、宾夕法尼亚州和佐治亚州等提出诉讼，并对当地选举官员施压和恐吓，要求重新计票以推翻选举结果。特朗普一再坚称绝不接受选举结果，并号召支持者前往华盛顿抗议国会确认选举结果，选举争议最终演变为暴乱。
The post-election riots highlighted the American democracy crisis. The election did not resolve the political differences in the United States, but heated up social confrontation. A Nov. 4, 2020 report on the website of the Guardian noted that whoever won the 2020 election, America would remain a country bitterly divided and the politics of anger and hatred would be the legacy. Claiming that the election was tainted by fraud, the defeated Republican camp refused to accept the presidential election results and filed lawsuits in Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Georgia, calling for a recount of ballots to overturn the election by pressuring and intimidating local election officials. Donald Trump repeatedly insisted that he would never accept the election defeat, calling on his supporters to protest against the congressional certification of the election result in Washington, D.C. The election dispute eventually turned into riots.

2021年1月6日，拒绝接受选举结果的上万名示威者在华盛顿举行“拯救美国”示威集会，大批示威者随后越过警卫线翻墙闯入国会大厦，与警察发生激烈肢体冲突。警察发射催泪弹并开枪射击，国会议员们戴着防护面罩慌忙躲避，示威者占领会场后肆意妄为。事件造成数人死亡，导致正在认证选举结果的参众两院联席会议被迫中断，华盛顿特区相继进入宵禁和紧急状态。美国国会警察局局长史蒂文·桑德2021年1月7日称，成千上万参与暴力骚乱的人用金属管、化学刺激物和其他武器袭击警察，华盛顿特区和国会大厦共有50多名警察受伤。警察总计逮捕了100多人。2021年1月7日，联合国人权事务高级专员米歇尔·巴切莱特发表声明称，该事件清楚地表明了政治领导人持续、蓄意歪曲事实以及煽动暴力和仇恨所造成的破坏性影响。
On Jan. 6, 2021, tens of thousands of protesters who refused to accept the election defeat staged a “Save America” rally in Washington, D.C. A large number of protesters breached security and stormed into the Capitol building, where they tussled with police officers. Members of the U.S. Congress were hurriedly evacuated wearing their gas masks, as the police fired tear gas and shot to disperse the protesters. Protesters acted recklessly after occupying the venue. The riots resulted in multiple injuries and an interruption of the congressional certification of the electoral victory. Washington, D.C. imposed curfew and entered a state of emergency. On Jan. 7, 2021, U.S. Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund said that thousands of individuals involved in violent riotous actions attacked officers with metal pipes, chemical irritants and other weapons, injuring more than 50 police officers. The police arrested more than 100 people in total. On Jan. 7, 2021, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said in a statement that the attack on the U.S. Capitol demonstrated clearly the destructive impact of sustained, deliberate distortion of facts, and incitement to violence and hatred by political leaders.

华盛顿上演的政治乱象令世界震惊。美国媒体称这是美国现代史上权力移交第一次“在华盛顿权力走廊内演变成一场实体对抗”，“暴力、混乱和破坏动摇了美国民主的核心”，是“对美国民主灯塔形象的一记重击”。法国《费加罗报》评论称，这一暴力事件激化了美国社会不同阵营间的怨恨和不信任，使美国陷入新的政治危机。《外交政策》评论称，美国已经变成了美国领导人经常谴责的样子：无法在权力交接过程中避免暴力和流血破坏。黎巴嫩外交官穆罕默德·萨法在社交媒体发表评论称：“如果美国看到美国正对美国做的事，美国肯定会入侵美国，以从美国暴政的手中解放美国。”
The political chaos in Washington shocked the world. American media called it the first time in modern American history that the power transfer has turned into a real combat in the Washington corridor of power. They blamed that violence, chaos and vandalism had shaken the American democracy to the core, dealing a heavy blow to America’s image as a democratic beacon. The French daily Le Figaro commented that the violent incident stoked up the resentment and distrust among different camps in American society, plunging America into an unknown situation. The Foreign Policy said in a commentary that the United States has become what its leaders used to condemn: being unable to avoid violence and bloody destruction during transfer of power. Lebanese diplomat Mohamad Safa commented via social media, “If the United States saw what the United States is doing in the United States, the United States would invade the United States to liberate the United States from the tyranny of the United States.”