2021年8月新闻热词汇总

灵活就业人员 people doing flexible jobs

人社部等八部门近日共同印发《关于维护新就业形态劳动者劳动保障权益的指导意见》。

The guideline clarified labor relations requirements, break arrangements and social insurance for people doing flexible jobs.
指导意见详解了灵活就业人员的劳动关系、休息制度以及社会保险等问题。

【知识点】

移动互联网（mobile internet）时代，越来越多人的工作任务来自手机，就业形态也发生了新变化，出现了由互联网平台作为劳动力资源组织方，将劳动者和消费者直接对接的新就业形态（new employment model connecting workers with consumers directly）。外卖送餐员、快递配送员、网约车驾驶员、互联网营销师等都属于新就业形态。鉴于新就业形态劳动用工去雇主化、劳动关系灵活化（flexible labor relations）的特点，劳动者大部分是灵活就业人员，与从业单位之间属于非稳定劳动关系。

 

不得通过算法等手段侵害劳动者的正当权益

市场监管总局网络交易监督管理司司长庞锦表示：

Food delivery platforms must establish an income distribution system based on orders the delivery workers take and the intensity of their work. The food delivery workers' income should not be less than the locality's lowest wage standard.
外卖平台要建立以工作任务、劳动强度相匹配的收入分配机制，劳动者的劳动报酬不低于当地最低工资标准。

The algorithms used to send orders to delivery workers and time limits for food delivery cannot be used as assessment criteria. Food delivery platforms are expected to relax delivery time limits.
派单算法以及配送时限不能作为评价标准，外卖平台应适当放宽配送时限。

督促网约车平台降低过高的抽成比例

交通运输部运输服务司负责人李华强表示，

There are over 3.51 million licensed ride-hailing drivers serving 236 platforms nationwide.
目前全国共有236家网约车平台企业，取得许可的网约车驾驶员超过351万人。

Some ride-hailing applications had encroached on drivers' rights by collecting high commissions, meaning they have to work longer to maintain their incomes.
有些网约车平台设置过高抽成比例，侵害了驾驶员的权益，驾驶员为了保证收入只能超时劳动。

【词汇讲解】

Commission这个词，常见的意思是“委员会”，比如：中央全面依法治国委员会（the Commission for Law-based Governance under the CPC Central Committee），中央纪律检查委员会（the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection），国家卫生健康委员会（National Health Commission）等，但是在本文的语境中，commission指的是“a fee paid to an agent or employee for transacting a piece of business or performing a service，especially a percentage of the money received from a total paid to the agent responsible for the business”（代理人或员工完成一项交易或服务后收取的费用，尤指从整个交易费用中划出的一定比例的金钱收入），也就是“佣金，提成，抽成”等，比如：He gets a commission for each car he sells（他每卖掉一辆车就有一份提成收入）。

The Ministry of Transport will require ride-hailing platforms to sign formal labor contracts with drivers and clarify the platforms' responsibilities to the drivers they employ.
交通运输部将督促网约车平台与驾驶员签订正式劳动合同，落实驾驶员权益保障责任。

 

职业伤害保障试点

The country will carry out pilots to offer occupational injury insurance for the flexibly employed in ride-hailing, food delivery, and instant delivery platform enterprises.
我国将以出行、外卖、即时配送等行业的平台企业为重点，组织开展平台灵活就业人员职业伤害保障试点。

 

商标恶意抢注 malicious trademark registrations

针对近期发生的杨倩、陈梦、全红婵等奥运健儿姓名被申请注册商标事宜，8月19日，国家知识产权局发布通告，依法驳回相关商标注册申请。

 

The National Intellectual Property Administration rejected 109 applications for trademark registration using names of Olympic athletes on Thursday in a bid to protect the name rights of public figures.
国家知识产权局8月19日依法驳回109件使用奥运健儿姓名的商标注册申请，以强化对公众人物姓名的保护。

【知识点】

《中华人民共和国商标法》规定：

任何能够将自然人、法人或者其他组织的商品与他人的商品区别开的标志，包括文字、图形、字母、数字、三维标志、颜色组合和声音等，以及上述要素的组合，均可以作为商标申请注册。
Any signs, including words, graphs, letters, numerals, three-dimensional symbols, color combinations, sound or any combination thereof, that are capable of distinguishing the goods of a natural person, legal person or other organizations from those of others may be applied for registration as trademarks.

申请注册的商标，应当有显著特征，便于识别，并不得与他人在先取得的合法权利相冲突。
A trademark submitted for registration shall bear noticeable characteristics and be readily distinguishable, and it may not conflict with the legitimate rights obtained by others earlier.

今年3月，国家知识产权局印发的《打击商标恶意抢注行为专项行动方案》，重点打击商标恶意抢注（malicious trademark registrations）、图谋不当利益（profiteering），扰乱商标注册管理秩序（disrupt order of trademark registration management），造成较大不良社会影响的行为，其中包括“恶意抢注具有较高知名度的公众人物姓名、知名作品或者角色名称”。

 

国家知识产权局发布的通告指出：

Some enterprises attempted to maliciously use the names of Olympic players to apply for trademarks.
个别企业把奥运健儿姓名等相关特定指代含义的热词进行恶意抢注，提交商标注册申请。

The behavior, which is to benefit from others' reputation, has not only harmed Olympic athletes' rights and interests, but also brought negative effects to society, according to the note.
该行为攫取或不正当利用他人市场声誉，侵害他人姓名权及其合法权益，已产生了恶劣的社会影响。

It said the administration will intensify efforts to fight malicious trademark registrations and keep a sound business environment, adding applicants or agencies that use improper means to apply for trademarks will be punished in line with the law.
国家知识产权局将保持严厉打击商标恶意抢注行为的高压态势，对恶意申请商标注册的申请人及其委托的商标代理机构，依法依规严肃处理，持续营造良好的创新环境和营商环境。

8月18日，中国奥委会也就此发表声明。

Without getting permission from the Olympic athletes or guardians of players who are minors, no one should maliciously register their names as trademarks or take other action infringing on the right of their names or other rights, the committee said.
如未获得运动员本人或未成年运动员监护人授权，不得以奥运健儿姓名恶意抢注商标或其他侵犯运动员姓名权等合法权益的行为。

"If such acts occur, the application for trademark registration should be suspended or withdrawn in a timely manner," it said, adding that the athletes or guardians of young players have the right to sue infringers.
有上述行为的，应及时撤回和停止实施商标注册申请。运动员及未成年运动员监护人有依法追究相关侵权行为人法律责任的权利。

 

《中华人民共和国民法典》规定：

自然人享有姓名权，有权依法决定、使用、变更或者许可他人使用自己的姓名，但是不得违背公序良俗。
A natural person enjoys the right to name and is entitled to determine, use,
change, or allow others to use his name in accordance with law, provided that public order and good morals are not offended.

任何组织或者个人不得以干涉、盗用、假冒等方式侵害他人的姓名权或者名称权。
No organization or individual may infringe upon other’s rights to name or rights to entity name by means such as interference, misappropriation, impersonation, or the like.

 

人口计生法修订 revised Population and Family Planning Law

8月20日，十三届全国人大常委会第三十次会议审议通过了关于修改人口与计划生育法的决定，这一决定自公布之日起施行。

The revised Population and Family Planning Law allows couples in China to have three children.
修改后的人口计生法规定一对夫妻可以生育三个子女。

The amended law also stipulates that social maintenance fees imposed on families who have violated family planning law, as well as other rules incompatible with the new third-child policy, will be canceled.
此次修法明确，原来向违反计划生育政策的家庭征收社会抚养费以及其他与实施三孩生育政策不适应的规定都被删除。

【知识点】

党的十八大以来，党中央根据我国人口发展变化形势，先后作出一系列重大决策部署。

2013年，十八届三中全会决定启动实施“单独二孩”政策（夫妻中有一方为独生子女的可生育两个孩子，two-child policy for couples of which one partner is an only child）。

2015年，十八届五中全会决定实施“全面二孩政策”（the universal two-child policy），积极开展应对人口老龄化（aging population）行动，促进人口均衡发展（improve the balanced development of population）。

 

为解决群众生育、养育、教育的后顾之忧，修改后的人口计生法作出了以下有针对性的规定。

The country will roll out more supportive measures in terms of finance, taxation, insurance, education, housing and employment, to ease the burden on families in terms of childbearing, childcare and education.
国家采取财政、税收、保险、教育、住房、就业等支持措施，减轻家庭生育、养育、教育负担。

The revised law stipulates a push for establishing affordable, government-subsidized nursery care service systems, and setting up child care facilities in public spaces and workplaces.
推动建立普惠托育服务体系，支持在公共场所或企事业单位设立托育服务机构。

It also requires local governments to set up sufficient public facilities to cater for infants and young children when building or revamping communities. Public areas and institutions employing a large number of female workers should also set up nursery services.
规定县级以上地方各级人民政府应当在城乡社区建设改造中，建设与常住人口规模相适应的婴幼儿活动场所及配套服务设施。公共场所和女职工比较多的用人单位应当配置母婴设施。

The law also includes a provision addressing parental leave, making it clear that support will be given to regions exercising the practice.
此次修法还增加“国家支持有条件的地方设立父母育儿假”的规定。

【词汇讲解】

这里的parental leave指父母双方在孩子出生后均可以享受的假期，即“育儿假”，而母亲在生产后按规定享受的一段假期是maternity/maternal leave（产假），如果是“带薪产假”则为paid maternity leave。Maternity和maternal这两个词都与mother这个词相关，而拉丁语中的“妈妈”一词为mater，正是maternity和maternal的词根。我们都知道英语中表达亲戚关系的词都是uncle、aunt这样，而不是像中文那样“叔叔”、“舅舅”、“姑姑”、“阿姨”分的很清楚，如果在表达的时候想要区分，可以在前面加上maternal或者paternal，比如：my maternal aunt就是“我姨”，而my paternal aunt则是“我姑”。

It adds that medical facilities nationwide should launch awareness campaigns on promoting reproductive health and providing services in this respect.
此次修法规定医疗卫生机构应当开展优生优育知识宣传教育并提供相关服务。

 

对于“三孩”政策实施后，女性可能面临的职场歧视，此次修法也做出了规定：

The revised law states that a women's right to employment will be guaranteed and employment services will be provided for those whose job prospects are affected due to pregnancies.
修法规定，国家保障妇女就业合法权益，为因生育影响就业的妇女提供就业服务。

 

在保障计划生育家庭的合法权益方面，此次修法也做出了规定。

China will continue to implement its current reward and assistance system and preferential policies for one-child families. The elderly in such families will be given preferential treatment in terms of welfare benefits and elderly care services, according to the amendment.
我国将继续对独生子女家庭执行现有的奖励扶助措施，并在老年人福利、养老服务等方面给予必要的优先和照顾。

Couples whose only child has died or is disabled should receive comprehensive care provided by local governments.
获得《独生子女父母光荣证》的夫妻，独生子女发生意外伤残、死亡的，按照规定获得全方位帮扶。

 

火星车 Mars rover

8月23日，我国首次火星探测任务“天问一号”探测器成功发射满13个月，探测器成功着陆火星满100天。

 

China's Mars rover Zhurong had traveled more than 1,000 meters on the surface of the red planet as of Monday, the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) said. The Mars rover has outlived its three-month life expectancy with all of its predetermined tasks completed.
国家航天局表示，8月23日，“祝融号”火星车在火星表面行驶里程已突破1000米，已完成全部预定任务，且超出其3个月的设计寿命。

【知识点】

“祝融号”火星车重240公斤，设计寿命3个月，任务是研究火星形貌与地质构造特征（survey Mars' landforms, geological structures）、火星表面土壤特征与水冰分布（soil characteristics, potential locations of water and ice）、火星大气电离层及表面气候与环境特征（atmospheric and environmental characteristics）、火星物理场与内部结构（magnetic and gravitational fields and other physical properties）等。

 

China's Tianwen-1 mission was launched on July 23, 2020, the first step in China's adventure in planetary exploration.
2020年7月23日，“天问一号”任务成功发射，迈出中国行星探测的第一步。

China's Tianwen 1 Mars probe streaked down through the Martian sky on May 15,2021, becoming the country's first probe to land on a planet other than Earth. The lander, carrying a Mars rover, touched down at its pre-selected landing area in the southern part of Utopia Planitia, a vast plain on the northern hemisphere of Mars.
2021年5月15日，“天问一号”火星探测器携“祝融号”火星车成功着陆于火星北半球乌托邦平原南部预选着陆区，实现了我国首次地外行星着陆。

Starting its exploration, Zhurong drove down from its landing platform to the Martian surface on May 22, 2021.
2021年5月22日，“祝融号”火星车离开着陆平台，驶入火星表面。

2021年8月15日，“祝融号”度过了90个火星日（90 Martian days），所有科学载荷开机探测，共获取约10GB原始数据，“祝融号”火星车圆满完成既定巡视探测任务（accomplish planned exploration and detection tasks）。

【知识点】

火星日（Martian day）平均为 24 小时 39 分 35.244 秒，或 1.027 地球日。火星公转周期（the revolution period of Mars）为 1.88 地球年，687 地球日，或 668.6 火星日。

The CNSA added that the rover will continue to move to the boundary zone between the ancient sea and land in the southern part of Utopia Planitia to carry out tasks.
国家航天局表示，“祝融号”火星车将继续向乌托邦平原南部的古海陆交界地带行驶，实施拓展任务。

 

据介绍，目前，环绕器运行在中继通信轨道，主要为火星车进行中继通信（relay communication）。

The rover will suspend its operations from mid-September to late-October due to the anticipated disruption of its communications with Earth caused by solar electromagnetic radiation, and will then resume its mission.
2021年9月中旬至10月下旬，由于受太阳电磁辐射干扰的影响，器地通信将中断，火星车将停止探测工作，之后任务继续进行 。

【知识点】

2021年9月中旬至10月下旬，火星、地球将运行至太阳的两侧，且三者近乎处于一条直线，即出现日凌现象（sun transit outage）。此时，太阳强大的电磁辐射会对卫星下行信号造成强烈的干扰。

 

央行将发行纪念币

中国人民银行8月23日发布消息称，定于2021年8月30日发行中国首次火星探测任务成功金银纪念币一套（ a set of commemorative coins to celebrate the success of China's first Mars exploration mission）。

该套纪念币共3枚，其中金质纪念币2枚，银质纪念币1枚，均为中华人民共和国法定货币。

 

北京环球度假区 Universal Beijing Resort

北京环球度假区宣布将于9月1日正式开启试运行。

Universal Beijing Resort will be open to invited guests only during the trial operation, including selected resort partners and a limited number of winners in official marketing activities.
试运行期间，北京环球度假区仅对受邀客人开放，受邀客人包括部分度假区合作伙伴，以及正式市场推广活动中选中的部分粉丝。

北京环球度假区位于北京市通州区，由北京环球影城主题公园（the Universal Studios theme park）、北京环球城市大道（Universal CityWalk Beijing）以及两家度假酒店、37处游乐设施（recreational facilities）、主题景点以及餐饮设施等组成。这是全世界第五家、中国首家环球度假区（the fifth Universal Studios theme park in the world and the first in China）。

 

During trial operations, invited guests will experience selected rides, attractions, shows and dining services throughout the Universal Studios Beijing theme park on designated dates.
试运行期间，受邀客人将在指定日期体验主题公园中部分景点、娱乐设施、演出和餐饮服务。

 

严格遵守疫情防控措施

The identity information of the invited guests will be pre-registered and invited guests must complete ticket and ID verification, and related pandemic control process at the park entrance before entering the park.
参与试运行测试体验的受邀客人需提前绑定身份信息，在主题公园入口处完成门票及身份核验，并通过疫情防控的相关检查，方可入园。

不售票，不可转让

Universal Studios Beijing Trial Operations Tickets will not be sold to the general public and cannot be transferred. The general public should be alerted to the risks of fraudulent trial operations tickets to avoid any personal losses.
北京环球影城试运行门票不会对公众售卖，且不可转让。请消费者警惕虚假信息及相关风险，以免造成损失。

据悉，北京环球影城共有七大主题景区（themed lands），分别为功夫熊猫盖世之地（Kung Fu Panda Land of Awesomeness）、变形金刚基地（Transformers Metrobase）、小黄人乐园（Minion Land）、哈利波特的魔法世界（The Wizarding World of Harry Potter）、侏罗纪世界努布拉岛（Jurassic World Isla Nublar）、好莱坞（Hollywood）和未来水世界（Waterworld），并且对电影中的许多场景都进行了完美复刻。