全国人大常委会

全国人民代表大会常务委员会是全国人民代表大会的常设机关。它在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，行使最高国家权力，受全国人民代表大会监督，对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。
    Permanent body of the NPC, the Standing Committee, when the NPC is not in session, exercises the power of the highest state organ, is under the supervision of the full congress of the NPC, is responsible to and reports its work to the full congress of the NPC.

全国人大常委会由委员长、副委员长若干人、秘书长和委员若干人组成。常务委员会的组成人员，由全国人民代表大会从代表中选出。在全国人大常委会的委员当中，一般应该包括：（1）中国共产党的代表；（2）各民主党派和无党派爱国民主人士的代表；（3）工、青、妇等社会团体的代表；（4）人民解放军的代表；（5）人口在100万人以上的各少数民族代表。
    The Standing Committee is composed of the chairman, vice chairmen, the secretary-general and members. All of its component members are elected from among the deputies to the NPC. Normally, they represent: (1) the Communist Party; (2) other political parties and patriotic and democratic personages not affiliated to any political party; (3) social organizations of workers, youth and women; (4) the People's Liberation Army; and (5) ethnic minorities each with a population more than a million.

全国人大常委会的每届任期与全国人大每届任期相同，都是5年。但全国人大常委会任期的计算方法是：从本届全国人大第一次会议选举产生常委会开始，到下届全国人大第一次会议产生新的常委会时止。全国人大常委会的委员长和副委员长连续任职不得超过两届。同时，全国人大常委会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务；如果担任上述职务，则必须向全国人大常委会辞去常委会中的职务。
    The term of office of the Standing Committee, also five years, is the same as that of the NPC. It, however, begins with the election of the Standing Committee by the 1st session of the NPC and ends with the election of the new Standing Committee at the 1st session of the following NPC. The chairman and vice chairmen of the Standing Committee shall not serve more than two consecutive terms. Meanwhile, component members of the Standing Committee shall not serve in administrative, judicial or persecuting organs of the state. If they assume posts in such organs, they must first give up their position in the Standing Committee.

全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长主持常务委员会的工作，副委员长、秘书长协助委员长工作。委员长、副委员长、秘书长组成委员长会议，处理常务委员会的重要日常工作。常务委员会的会议，一般每2个月举行一次；有特殊需要的时候，可以临时召集会议。
    The chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC presides over the work of the Standing Committee and the vice chairmen and the secretary-general assist the chairman in his work. The Meeting of the Chairmen, attended by the chairman, vice chairmen and the secretary-general, is in charge of important routine work of the Standing Committee. This Meeting is held once every two months and special sessions may be convened whenever necessary.

历届全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长为：刘少奇、朱德、叶剑英、彭真、万里、乔石、李鹏、吴邦国。
    The chairmen of the Standing Committee of the 1st to the 10th NPC have been Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Ye Jianying, Peng Zhen, Wan Li, Qiao Shi, Li Peng and Wu Bangguo.

根据宪法和《全国人民代表大会组织法》的规定，全国人民代表大会常务委员会的职权包括：
    In accordance with the Constitution and the Organization Law of the National People's Congress, the functions and powers of the Standing Committee include the following:

1．立法权。依据现行宪法的规定，全国人大常委会和全国人大共同行使立法权。主要包括：制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充和修改，但是不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触。这样，除了宪法和基本法律外，大量的立法工作都由全国人大常委会承担。
    1. Legislation. According to the present Constitution, the NPC and its Standing Committee jointly exercise the power of legislation. The legislative rights of the Standing Committee mainly include: drafting and revising laws except those to be enacted only by the full congress of the NPC; partially supplementing and amending, when the NPC is not in session, laws enacted by the NPC, provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened. As a result, a large amount of the legislative job is conducted by the Standing Committee, with the exception of that involving the Constitution and basic laws.

2．宪法和法律的解释权。解释宪法，即对法律条文本身需要进一步明确界限或作补充规定而作的立法解释。这样便于从立法的角度及时回答和解决宪法和法律实施过程中提出的问题，保障宪法和法律的准确实施。
    2. Interpretation of the Constitution and laws. Interpretation of the Constitution means legislative explanations that are needed for further defining the legal stipulations or serving as supplements. This is in the interest of timely answering and solving questions arising over the process of implementing the Constitution or laws from a legal point of view, so as to ensure the accurate execution of the Constitution and laws.

3．宪法实施的监督权。现行宪法除规定全国人大监督宪法的实施外，还赋予全国人大常委会以监督宪法实施的职权。全国人大常委会是全国人大的常设机构，由它行使这一职权，便于对宪法的实施进行经常性的监督。这对于保障宪法的实施具有重大意义。
    3. Supervision of the enforcement of the Constitution. The present Constitution also gives the Standing Committee of the NPC the power of supervising its enforcement, apart from stipulating that the NPC has the power of supervision. To allow the Standing Committee, the permanent organ of the NPC, to exercise regular supervision over the enforcement of the Constitution is of great significance to the implementation of the Constitution.

4．对其他国家机关工作的监督权。全国人民代表大会常务委员会监督国务院、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作；撤销由国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令；撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议。
    4. Supervision of the work of other state organs. The Standing Committee supervises the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate. It annuls those administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution and laws, as well as those local regulations or decisions of the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution or the administrative rules and regulations.

5．对其他国家机关工作人员的人事任免权。在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据国务院总理的提名，决定国务院的部长、委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选；根据最高人民法院院长的提请，任免最高人民法院副院长、审判员、审判委员会委员和军事法院院长；根据最高人民检察院检察长的提请，任免最高人民检察院副检察长、检察员、检察委员会委员和军事检察院检察长，并且批准省、自治区、直辖市的人民检察院检察长的任免；决定国家驻外全权代表的任免。
    5. Appointment and removal. When the NPC is not session, the Standing Committee decides on the choice of ministers in charge of ministries and state commissions, the auditor-general or the secretary-general of the State Council, upon nomination by the premier of the State Council, decide on the choice of members of the Central Military Commission, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, appoint or remove vice presidents and judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its judicial committee and the president of the Military Court, at the recommendation of the president of the Supreme People's Court, appoint or remove deputy procurators-general and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its procuratorial committee and the chief procurator of the Military Procuratorate, and approve the appointment or removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, at the recommendation of the procurator-general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate. It also decides on the appointment or recall of plenipotentiary representatives abroad.

6．对国家生活中重要问题的决定权。这一职权包括：决定同外国缔结的条约和重要协定的批准和废除；规定军人和外交人员的衔级制度和其他专门衔级制度；规定和决定授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号；决定特赦；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况，决定战争状态的宣布；决定全国总动员或者局部动员；决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市的戒严；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划、国家预算在执行过程中所必须做的部分调整方案。
    6. Decision-making over important issues in the life of the state. This includes decision on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states, institution of systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other special ranks, instituting state medals and titles or honors and decision on their conferment, decision on the granting of special pardons, decision on, when the NPC is not in session, the proclamation of a state of war in the event of armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning joint resistance against aggression, decision on general or partial mobilization, decision on the imposition of martial law throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government, examination and approval of, when the NPC is not in session, partial adjustment to the national economic and social development plans and state budget which are necessary during the course of their implementation.

7．全国人民代表大会授予的其他职权。除上述职权外，全国人大常委会还有权执行全国人大授予的其他职权。如：主持全国人民代表大会代表的选举，召集全国人民代表大会的会议，联系全国人大代表，并组织他们视察，在全国人大闭会期间，领导各专门委员会的工作，等等。
    7. Other functions and powers delegated by the NPC. These may include presiding over the election of the deputies to the NPC, convening sessions of the NPC, contacting NPC deputies and organizing them to make inspection and providing leadership over special committees when the NPC is not in session.

(来源：中国网，编辑 Helen)