全面建成小康社会：中国人权事业发展的光辉篇章（双语全文）

三、以发展促人权增进经济社会文化权利
III. Boosting Human Rights with Development and Securing Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights

在全面建成小康社会进程中，中国坚持以发展促人权，推动全面落实经济社会权利、文化教育权利以及生态环境权利，人民生活更加富足安康、和谐幸福。
In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, China is committed to boosting human rights with development and securing economic, social, cultural, educational and environmental rights. As a result, its people now lead more prosperous, secure, harmonious and happier lives.

1.疫情防控奉行生命至上
1. Putting Life First in Fighting Covid-19

新冠肺炎疫情是百年以来人类经历的最严重的全球公共卫生突发事件。中国坚持人民至上、生命至上，不惜付出巨大经济社会代价，在疫情暴发之初就采取最全面最严格最有力的防控措施，有力扭转了疫情局势，维护人民生命安全和身体健康。
The Covid-19 pandemic is the most serious global health emergency in a century. Facing this crisis, China has put the people’s interests first – nothing is more precious than people’s lives. It has adopted thorough, rigorous and effective prevention and control measures, regardless of huge economic and social costs. It has turned the tide in the battle against the virus and safeguarded people’s lives and health.

疫情暴发初期，中国举全国之力实施了规模空前的生命大救援，从全国调集最优秀的医生、最先进的设备、最急需的资源千里驰援武汉市和湖北省。2020年1月24日至3月8日，全国共调集346支国家医疗队、4.26万名医务人员、900多名公共卫生人员驰援湖北；紧急调集4万名建设者和几千台机械设备，分别仅用十多天时间就建成了有1000张病床的火神山医院、有1600张病床的雷神山医院和共有1.4万余张床位的16座方舱医院。湖北省共成功治愈3000余位80岁以上、7位百岁以上患者，多位重症老年患者都是从死亡线上抢救回来，充分体现了对每一个生命的尊重和保护。
In the early days of the epidemic, China mobilized the whole nation and carried out a campaign to save lives on an unprecedented scale. It pooled the best doctors, the most advanced equipment, and critical supplies from across the country to aid Hubei Province, especially its capital city of Wuhan.
From January 24 to March 8, 2020, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei; it mobilized 40,000 construction workers and a huge array of machinery and equipment to build the 1,000-bed Huoshenshan Hospital in 10 days, the 1,600-bed Leishenshan Hospital in 12 days, and 16 temporary treatment centers providing more than 14,000 beds in just over 10 days. Across Hubei, more than 3,000 patients over the age of 80, including seven centenarians, were cured, with many of them brought back to life from the verge of death. This fully demonstrated that the state respects and protects each and every life.

全力以赴救治患者，不遗漏每一个感染者，不放弃每一位病患者，及时出台救治费用保障政策，确保患者不因费用问题影响就医、医疗机构不因费用问题影响收治，最大程度提高了治愈率，降低了病亡率。坚持常态化精准防控和局部应急处置有机结合，不断巩固疫情防控成果。大力推进新冠疫苗接种，加快构筑免疫屏障。
China did everything possible to treat all patients. The government promptly adopted policies to subsidize medical expenses for Covid-19 to ensure that patients could receive timely treatment and that medical institutions could proceed smoothly with admission and treatment. They proved to be very effective in raising the cure rate and lowering the fatality rate.
China has combined ongoing targeted control and local emergency response, and consolidated the gains in its fight against Covid-19. It is making every effort to vaccinate its people and moving faster to form nationwide immunity.

2.卫生健康服务公平可及
2. Ensuring Equitable and Accessible Health Services

没有全民健康，就没有全面小康。中国把人民健康放在优先发展的战略位置，实施健康中国战略，推进健康中国行动，推行普惠高效的基本公共卫生服务，不断提升医疗卫生服务的公平性、可及性、便利性和可负担性。
Prosperity for all is impossible without health for all. China gives top priority to improving its people’s health. It is carrying out the Healthy China initiative and has worked out action plans to ensure that basic public health services are inclusive and efficient, and to make health and medical services more equitable, accessible, convenient and affordable.

公共卫生服务体系基本形成。全国医疗卫生机构（包含医院、基层医疗机构、专业公共卫生机构）由1978年的17万个大幅增长到2020年的102.3万个。包括疾病预防控制、健康教育、妇幼保健、精神卫生防治、应急救治、采供血、卫生监督等各种专业机构在内的公共卫生服务体系基本形成。公共卫生服务范围不断扩大。城乡居民免费享受的基本公共卫生服务项目由2010年的9类扩展到2020年的12类，项目内容覆盖居民生命的全过程。持续实施脑卒中、心血管疾病高危筛查、口腔疾病综合干预、癌症早诊早治等项目，慢性病防控效果显著增强。主要传染性疾病得到有效遏制。通过提升免疫规划疫苗接种率，中国在2000年消灭了脊髓灰质炎，在2012年消除了新生儿破伤风，在2020年消除了疟疾，2021年被世界卫生组织认证为无疟疾国家。艾滋病整体疫情控制在低流行水平，结核病成功治疗率保持在90%以上。
A basic public health services system is in place. The number of medical and health institutions in China, including hospitals, grassroots medical institutions and specialized public health institutions, increased from 170,000 in 1978 to over 1 million in 2020. A public health services system consisting of various specialized institutions has taken shape, providing disease prevention and control, health education, maternal and child health care, mental health care, emergency response, blood collection and supply, health inspection, and other services.
The range of public health services is expanding. Free basic public health services increased from nine categories in 2010 to 12 categories in 2020, spanning the entire life cycle. The state promotes many preventive services, such as screening for stroke and cardiovascular disease risk, comprehensive oral disease prevention and intervention, and early screening and treatment of cancer. China’s capacity to prevent and control chronic illnesses has improved remarkably. Major infectious diseases have been effectively contained. By raising the vaccination rates under the national immunization program, China eradicated polio in 2000 and neonatal tetanus in 2012. It eliminated malaria in 2020 and was awarded a malaria-free certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. The spread of HIV remains at a low level, and the cure rate of tuberculosis is maintained at over 90 percent.

医疗卫生服务体系不断健全。中国致力于建立优质高效的整合型医疗卫生服务体系，改善医疗卫生资源的可及性和便利性，提高医疗服务质量和效率，居民就医感受明显改善。2020年，全国医疗卫生机构床位总数达911万张，其中医院713万张，乡镇卫生院139万张；卫生技术人员总数达1066万人，其中执业医师和执业助理医师408万人，注册护士471万人；全年总诊疗人次78.2亿人次，孕产妇产前检查率达96.8%，住院分娩率为99.9%。合理配置医疗资源，构建“基层首诊、双向转诊、急慢分治、上下联动”的分级诊疗服务体系。取消以药补医机制，建立基本药物制度，各级各类公立医疗机构全面配备优先使用基本药物，实行零差率销售。
China’s medical services system has been improving. The country is committed to building an integrated medical services system of high quality and efficiency and improving the availability and accessibility of medical resources. As a result, public satisfaction with medical services is rising notably.
In 2020, the number of beds in medical institutions across the country reached 9.1 million, including 7.1 million beds in hospitals and 1.4 million in township-level health centers. There were 10.7 million health professionals, including 4.1 million licensed doctors and assistant doctors and 4.7 million registered nurses. That year recorded 7.8 billion medical visits. The rate of prenatal care was 96.8 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries reached 99.9 percent.
China provides a reasonable distribution of medical resources. It is building a tiered treatment system featuring primary treatment at the community level, flexible inter-hospital patient transfer, differentiated treatment for acute and chronic illnesses, and coordination across different levels. It has put an end to the practice of hospitals subsidizing their medical services with drug sales and established a system of essential medicines. All government-funded medical institutions across the country are supplied with essential medicines, which are guaranteed to meet priority health care needs and sold with zero markup.

人民健康指标稳步改善。居民主要健康指标总体上优于中高收入国家平均水平。中国人均预期寿命从1981年的67.8岁增长到2019年的77.3岁。婴儿死亡率从改革开放初期的37.6‰下降到2020年的5.4‰。孕产妇死亡率从2002年的43.2/10万下降到2020年的16.9/10万，被世界卫生组织誉为“发展中国家的典范”“妇幼健康高绩效国家”。基本医疗卫生与健康促进法通过并实施，为全方位全周期维护人民健康、实施健康中国战略提供法治保障。随着经济社会的发展，国家不断引导居民形成健康的生活方式。城乡居民在工作之余锻炼身体、关注饮食健康已经成为普遍的社会风气。
Public health indicators are steadily improving. The core health indicators of the Chinese have generally surpassed the average level of middle- and high-income countries. The average life expectancy in China rose from 67.8 years in 1981 to 77.3 years in 2019. Infant mortality declined from 37.6 per 1,000 in the early days of reform and opening up to 5.4 per 1,000 in 2020; and maternal mortality dropped from 43.2 per 100,000 in 2002 to 16.9 per 100,000 in 2020. In recognition of its achievements, China has been hailed by the WHO as a role model for developing countries and a fast-track country in improving maternal and child health.
The Law on the Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care has been adopted and implemented, providing a legal guarantee for comprehensive health care for the full life cycle and for the Healthy China initiative. With steady social and economic improvement, the state devotes itself to helping citizens develop healthy lifestyles. A social atmosphere has taken shape where both urban and rural residents do regular exercise in their spare time and pay attention to a healthy diet.

3.生活质量显著提高
3. Upgrading the Quality of Life

居民收入水平持续提升。中国经济长期持续稳定增长，人均国内生产总值从1978年的385元增至2020年的72000元。2020年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到32189元。居民消费结构日益优化。2020年全国居民恩格尔系数为30.2%，比1978年降低33.7个百分点。基本居住条件显著改善。城镇居民人均住房建筑面积从1978年的4.2平方米增长到2019年的39.8平方米；农村居民人均住房建筑面积从1978年的8.1平方米增长到2019年的48.9平方米。城市人均公园绿地面积从1981年的1.5平方米增长到2019年的14.36平方米。实施城镇保障性安居工程，帮助约2亿困难群众改善了住房条件。交通基础网络日益完善，人民出行更加安全便利。截至2020年，全国铁路运营里程达14.6万公里，其中高速铁路运营里程3.8万公里。公路总里程达519.81万公里，其中高速公路里程16.1万公里。城市轨道交通运营里程达7354.7公里。信息化生活品质大幅提升。中国政府大力实施新型基础设施建设，让人民群众享受更多的信息化发展成果。2020年，全国移动电话普及率达113.9部/百人；互联网普及率达70.4%，其中农村地区互联网普及率为55.9%。截至2021年6月，全国已建设开通5G基站84.7万个。互联网在线购物等消费新业态蓬勃发展。2020年，全国网络购物用户规模达7.82亿，占网民整体的79.1%；全国网络零售额11.76万亿元，比2019年增长10.9%。
Incomes continue to rise. For four decades, China’s economy has been growing steadily. From 1978 to 2020, the country’s per capita GDP increased from RMB385 to RMB72,000. In 2020, the average per capita disposable income was RMB32,189. Consumption patterns are improving. In 2020, the Engel coefficient was 30.2 percent, down 33.7 percentage points from 1978. Housing conditions have improved markedly. In 2019, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.8 sq m, up from 4.2 sq m in 1978, and that of rural residents was 48.9 sq m, up from 8.1 sq m in 1978. Urban park green space per capita increased from 1.5 sq m in 1981 to 14.36 sq m in 2019. Construction projects have been launched to provide affordable housing to urban residents, helping nearly 200 million poor people improve their housing conditions.
China’s transport infrastructure network has been improving steadily, resulting in more convenient and safer public transport. By the end of 2020, the country’s rail length had grown to 146,000 km, and high-speed rail had reached 38,000 km; road length had increased to 5.2 million km, including 161,000 km of expressways; urban rail transit had reached 7,355 km.
The availability of IT applications has improved greatly. The Chinese government makes great efforts to develop new types of infrastructure to ensure that the people benefit more from the use of information technology. In 2020, every 100 people had 113.9 mobile phones; internet usage was 70.4 percent nationwide and 55.9 percent in rural areas. By June 2021, 847,000 5G base stations had been built and put into operation across the country. New business forms represented by online shopping are thriving. In 2020, there were 782 million online shoppers, accounting for 79.1 percent of all internet users, and nationwide online retail sales reached RMB11.8 trillion, up 10.9 percent from 2019.

4.就业更加充分
4. Maximizing Employment

中国政府坚持实施就业优先战略和积极的就业政策，推动“大众创业、万众创新”，突出强调“要优先稳就业保民生”，致力实现充分就业、体面就业、和谐就业的美好愿景。建立起覆盖省、市、县、街道（乡镇）、社区（村）的五级公共就业服务网络体系。截至2020年，全国共有人力资源服务机构4.58万家，全年为2.9亿人次劳动者提供了就业、择业和流动服务；全国就业人数为75064万人，其中城镇就业人数为46271万人。2019年，中国城镇新增就业1352万人，连续7年保持在1300万人以上。在新冠肺炎疫情带来的不利影响下，2020年中国城镇新增就业仍达到1186万人。民营企业提供了80%以上城镇就业岗位。新产业新业态新模式不断涌现，创造了大量兼职就业、灵活就业岗位。劳动者工资收入快速增长，城镇非私营单位就业人员年均工资从1978年的615元增加到2019年的90501元。
China advocates an employment-first strategy and a proactive employment policy. It encourages widespread entrepreneurship and innovation, and gives top priority to ensuring stability in employment and people’s wellbeing. It is committed to realizing fuller employment, with decent jobs for all and harmonious labor relations. It has established a five-tiered employment services network covering the province, city, county, sub-district/township, and community/village levels.
As of 2020, there were 45,800 employment services agencies in China, helping 290 million people find temporary or long-term work; China’s employed population reached 750 million, of whom 463 million were in urban areas. In 2019, the growth in new jobs in urban areas was 13.5 million, and the figure had remained above 13 million for seven consecutive years. In 2020, despite the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, there were 11.9 million new jobs in urban areas.
Private enterprises provide more than 80 percent of urban jobs. New industries and new business forms and models continue to emerge, creating a large number of part-time or flexible jobs. Workers’ incomes are increasing rapidly. The average annual salary of employees in urban non-private units rose from RMB615 in 1978 to RMB90,501 in 2019.

5.公共文化服务不断优化
5. Enhancing Public Cultural Services

经过40多年的发展，覆盖城乡的公共文化服务体系不断完善，文艺创作持续繁荣，文化体育事业蓬勃发展。2020年，全国共有公共图书馆3212个，博物馆5788家，文化馆3321个，乡镇综合文化站32825个，村级综合性文化服务中心575384个。全年出版各类报纸277亿份，各类期刊20亿册，图书101亿册（张），人均图书拥有量达7.24册（张）。全国广播节目综合人口覆盖率为99.4%，电视节目综合人口覆盖率为99.6%。全年生产电视剧202部7476集，电视动画片116688分钟，故事影片531部，科教、纪录、动画和特种影片119部。实施广播电视户户通工程、农村电影放映工程、农家书屋工程等文化惠民工程，促进基本公共文化服务标准化、均等化，保障人民群众基本文化权益。公共数字文化工程累计建设可供全国共享的数字资源约1274TB，数字图书馆推广工程已覆盖全国39家省级图书馆、376家市级图书馆，服务辐射2760个县级图书馆。建设完善公共体育场、全民健身中心、体育公园、健身步道、足球场、多功能健身场地等多种类型的全民健身场地设施，倡导全民健身。2020年，全国共有体育场地371.3万个，体育场地面积31亿平方米，人均体育场地面积2.2平方米，行政村“农民体育健身工程”基本实现全覆盖，经常参加体育锻炼人数比例达37.2%。
Over the past four decades, China’s public cultural services have continued to improve. Art, literature, culture and sports are thriving.
In 2020, China had 3,212 public libraries, 5,788 museums, 3,321 cultural centers, 32,825 township-level cultural stations, and 575,384 village-level cultural service centers. In publishing, 27.7 billion copies of newspapers, 2 billion copies of magazines, and 10.1 billion copies of books were issued, a per capita average of 7.2 books.
In 2020, the coverage of radio programs was 99.4 percent, and the coverage of TV programs 99.6 percent. The country produced 202 TV series, TV animations with a total length of 116,688 minutes, 531 feature films, and 119 popular science films, documentaries, animated cartoons and special films. Public-interest cultural initiatives to ensure radio and television coverage for all households, bring cinema to rural communities, and set up rural libraries were implemented to provide consistent and equal access to basic public cultural services and to protect the people’s basic cultural rights and interests.
In 2020, a total of 1,274 terabytes of public cultural resources were created through projects under the public digital cultural services program. Among them, the digital library project covered 39 provincial-level and 376 city-level libraries, with services radiating into 2,760 county-level libraries.
The state is promoting a national fitness program. Sports venues of various types have been built or renovated, including public stadiums, fitness centers, sports parks, running trails, soccer fields, and multifunctional fitness facilities. In 2020, there were 3.7 million sports venues in China, with a total floor area of 3.1 billion sq m (2.2 sq m per capita); 37.2 percent of the population took part in regular exercise; the rural fitness program covered almost all villages.

6.受教育权利得到更好保障
6. Guaranteeing the Right to Education

中国坚持教育公益性原则，把教育公平作为国家基本教育政策，受教育权保障水平显著提升。全国学前三年毛入园率从2010年的56.6%提高到2020年的85.2%，实现了学前教育基本普及。2020年，全国九年义务教育巩固率为95.2%，义务教育普及程度达到世界高收入国家的平均水平。残疾儿童义务教育入学率达95%以上。建立覆盖从学前教育到研究生教育的全学段学生资助政策体系，不让一个孩子因家庭经济困难而辍学的目标基本实现。倾斜支持农村教育、中西部地区教育，全国96.8%的县实现义务教育基本均衡发展，更多农村和中西部地区孩子享受到更好更公平的教育。全国高中阶段教育毛入学率从2000年的42.8%提高到2020年的91.2%，超过中等偏上收入国家平均水平；高等教育毛入学率从2000年的12.5%提高到2020年的54.4%，高等教育在学总规模超过4000万人，建成世界上最大规模的高等教育体系。
China runs education for the public good and regards equal access to education as a basic national education policy. It has made significant progress in protecting the right to education. The gross enrollment rate in three-year preschool education rose to 85.2 percent in 2020 from 56.6 percent in 2010. In 2020, the completion rate of compulsory education was 95.2 percent, and the availability of compulsory education reached the average level of high-income countries. More than 95 percent of children with disabilities received compulsory education.
The state has established a policy system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, which offers full coverage from preschool to postgraduate education. As a result, the goal of ensuring that no student drops out of school due to financial difficulties has now been largely achieved. The state gives more support to education in rural areas and central and western regions. Thanks to this, 96.8 percent of the counties nationwide have realized balanced compulsory education, and more children in rural areas and central and western regions enjoy better access to quality education.
The gross enrollment rate in senior secondary education increased from 42.8 percent in 2000 to 91.2 percent in 2020, higher than the average of upper-middle-income countries. The gross enrollment rate in higher education rose from 12.5 percent in 2000 to 54.4 percent in 2020. China has built the world’s largest higher education system, with over 40 million students on campus.

7.社会保障体系覆盖全民
7. Expanding Social Security to Cover All Citizens

社会保障是保障和改善民生、维护社会公平、增进人民福祉的基本制度保障。2020年，全国参加职工基本医疗保险人数3.4亿人，参加城乡居民基本医疗保险人数10.2亿人，参保总人数超过13.6亿人；参加生育保险人数23567万人。截至2021年6月，全国参加城镇职工基本养老保险人数46709万人，参加城乡居民基本养老保险人数54735万人；参加失业保险人数22229万人；参加工伤保险人数27399万人，其中参加工伤保险的农民工9082万人；参加生育保险人数23546万人。国家还通过城乡居民大病保险等补充保险，在基本医保制度之外对大病患者高额医疗费用予以保障。构筑以最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、受灾人员救助、医疗救助、教育救助、住房救助、就业救助、临时救助等为主体，社会力量参与为补充，应救尽救的综合性社会救助体系。截至2020年，全国共有805万人获得城市最低生活保障，3621万人获得农村最低生活保障，31万人获得城市特困人员救助供养，447万人获得农村特困人员救助供养，全年临时救助1341万人次，全国共实施医疗救助18608万人次，支出资金546.8亿元。为保障受疫情影响困难群众基本生活，2020年为困难群众发放价格临时补贴资金218亿元，惠及4亿人次；受疫情影响，困难群众有244万人新纳入低保，有254万人次获得临时救助。
Social security is a basic institutional guarantee for safeguarding and improving people’s lives, ensuring social equity and enhancing their sense of wellbeing.
In 2020, 340 million people were covered by basic medical insurance for urban workers, and 1.02 billion by basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents – a total of 1.36 billion. As of June 2021, basic old-age insurance for urban workers covered 467 million people, basic old-age insurance for rural and non-working urban residents covered 547 million, and unemployment insurance covered 222 million. Work-related injury insurance covered 274 million, 90.8 million of whom were migrant workers. Childbirth insurance covered more than 235 million people. In addition, the state has established a serious illness insurance covering both urban and rural residents, which is a supplement to the basic medical insurance systems, reimbursing the victims of serious illnesses for their high medical expenses.
China has established a comprehensive and inclusive social assistance system whose main provisions are subsistence allowances, assistance and support for severely impoverished people, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, and temporary assistance, supplemented by public participation. At the end of 2020, 8 million people lived on urban subsistence allowances, 36.2 million on rural subsistence allowances, 310,000 on assistance and support for urban residents in extreme difficulty, and 4.5 million on assistance and support for rural residents in extreme difficulty. In 2020, 13.4 million received temporary assistance; 186 million received medical assistance worth of RMB54.7 billion.
To guarantee a basic living to people in difficulties caused by Covid-19, the government provided temporary subsidies totaling RMB21.8 billion to residents in need when the Consumer Price Index fluctuates beyond a certain range, benefitting 400 million people. Due to impact from Covid-19, subsistence allowances were extended to an additional 2.4 million people facing difficulties, and 2.5 million received temporary assistance.

8.生态环境持续改善
8. Improving the Eco-environment

良好生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉。中共十八大以来，将生态文明建设纳入国家发展“五位一体”总体布局，倡导“绿水青山就是金山银山”绿色发展理念，严守生态保护红线，坚决打好污染防治攻坚战，推进美丽中国建设，切实保护公民环境权利。坚决打赢蓝天保卫战，空气更加清新。2020年，全国万元国内生产总值二氧化碳排放较2005年下降48.4%，提前完成比2005年下降40%至45%的碳排放目标。天然气、水电、核电、风电等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量比重从2016年的19.1%上升到2020年的24.3%（初步核算数）。全国337个地级及以上城市中，2020年空气质量达标的城市占59.9%。着力打好碧水保卫战，水质持续优化。2020年，1940个国家地表水考核断面中，水质优良（Ⅰ－Ⅲ类）断面比例为83.4%，比2019年上升8.5个百分点；劣Ⅴ类断面比例为0.6%，比2019年下降2.8个百分点；全国近岸海域优良（一、二类）水质比例为77.4%，比2019年上升0.8个百分点；劣四类水质比例为9.4%，比2019年下降2.3个百分点。扎实推进净土保卫战，土壤环境风险得到有效管控。制定土壤污染防治法，实施土壤污染防治行动计划。以农用地和重点行业企业用地为重点，开展土壤污染状况详查。2014年至2019年，全国依法依规关停涉重金属行业企业3500余家，实施金属减排工程850多个。开展农用地土壤环境质量类别划分、治理修复等工作，农用地土壤环境状况总体稳定。全面禁止洋垃圾入境，基本实现固体废物零进口。人居环境不断改善。2020年，全国农村卫生厕所普及率超过68%，生活垃圾进行收运处理的行政村比例超过90%，全国农村生活污水治理率达25.5%；46个重点城市生活垃圾分类覆盖居民8300万户，居民小区覆盖率94.6%，地级及以上城市建成区黑臭水体消除比例超过90%。实施最严格的生态保护。截至2020年，全国共建立自然保护地近万处，保护面积覆盖陆域国土面积的18%，约90%的陆地生态系统类型和85%的重点野生动物种群得到有效保护。全国森林覆盖率由20世纪70年代初的12.7%提高到2020年的23.04%。在全球森林面积持续净损失达1.78亿公顷的不利形势下，中国森林面积近十年年净增约249.9万公顷，居全球第一。2012年至2021年6月，累计完成防沙治沙任务面积超过1900万公顷，封禁保护面积达到177.2万公顷。中国率先实现了荒漠化土地零增长，为实现《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》提出的2030年全球退化土地零增长目标作出重要贡献。
A sound eco-environment is the most inclusive benefit to people’s wellbeing. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the central leadership has incorporated eco-environmental progress as part of the Five-sphere Integrated Plan for national development and has promoted an environment-friendly development model, advocating that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. It has enforced strict eco-environmental red lines and made solid efforts to prevent and control pollution, working to build a beautiful China and protect environmental rights.
The air has become cleaner through efforts to keep the sky blue. In 2020, China’s CO2 emissions per RMB10,000 of GDP fell by 48.4 percent from 2005, achieving the goal of a 40-to-45-percent fall during this period ahead of schedule. The proportion of natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other types of clean energy in total energy consumption rose from 19.1 percent in 2016 to 24.3 percent in 2020. Among the 337 cities at and above prefecture level nationwide, 202 met the air quality standards in 2020.
Water quality is improving through efforts to keep waters clear. In 2020, 83.4 percent of the 1,940 surface water sections monitored by the state showed excellent and good quality (meeting Class I to Class III surface water quality standards), up 8.5 percentage points from 2019; 0.6 percent of sections suffered from poor water quality below Class V, down 2.8 percentage points from 2019. In 2020, 77.4 percent of offshore waters reached Class I and Class II sea water quality standards, up 0.8 percentage point from 2019; 9.4 percent of offshore waters were worse than Class IV, down 2.3 percentage points from 2019.
Effective measures have been taken to bring under control the risks associated with worsening soil qualities. The state has formulated the Law on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, and implemented its action plan for addressing soil pollution. National soil pollution surveys have been carried out, with the focus on land for agriculture and key industries and enterprises. From 2014 to 2019, more than 3,500 heavy-metal enterprises were shut down in accordance with laws and regulations, and more than 850 heavy-metal discharge reduction projects were carried out. The soil quality of agricultural land is subject to classification and restoration, and the soil environment of agricultural land remains stable. China has banned the import of foreign waste, and imports have largely fallen to zero.
The living environment is improving. In 2020, sanitary toilets were used by more than 68 percent of rural households. The system for the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of domestic waste covered more than 90 percent of villages. Domestic sewage treatment covered 25.5 percent of rural areas. In 46 major cities, 83 million households in 94.6 percent of communities were involved in domestic waste sorting programs. More than 90 percent of black and fetid water bodies in built-up areas of cities at and above prefecture level had been eliminated.
China enforces stringent eco-environmental conservation. As of 2020, nearly 10,000 nature reserves had been established across the country, covering 18 percent of China’s land mass, and bringing some 90 percent of land ecosystems and 85 percent of key wild animal populations under effective protection. China’s forest coverage rose from 12.7 percent in the early 1970s to 23 percent in 2020. While the global forest stock decreased by 178 million ha between 1990 and 2020, China’s forest area has seen an average annual increase of 2.5 million ha in the past decade, ranking top in the world. Between 2012 and June 2021, China completed desertification control work involving over 19 million ha of land, and 1.8 million ha have been closed off to prevent deterioration. China has become the first country to achieve a zero increase in desertification, making a great contribution to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development goal of zero increase in land degradation across the globe.

9.人类发展指数大幅提升
9. Achieving a Higher HDI Score

根据联合国开发计划署发布的“人类发展报告”，1990年中国还处于低人类发展水平组，1996年便进入了中等人类发展水平组，2011年又步入高人类发展水平组。中国的人类发展指数从1990年的0.499增长到2019年的0.761，是自1990年联合国开发计划署在全球首次测算人类发展指数以来，唯一从低人类发展水平组跨越到高人类发展水平组的国家。
According to the Human Development Report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), China was among the low-ranked countries in terms of the human development index (HDI) score in 1990; it moved into the ranks of countries with medium HDI scores in 1996; it ascended into the ranks of countries with high HDI scores in 2011. From 1990 to 2019, China’s HDI score increased from 0.499 to 0.761. China is the only country to have risen from a low-ranked country to a high-ranked country since 1990, when the UNDP first started to calculate countries’ HDI ratings.