2021年10月新闻热词汇总

10月热词有：视频网站宣布取消超前点播，美团因滥用市场支配地位被处罚，山西遭遇强降雨，联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会在昆明举行，我国设立第一批国家公园，神舟十三号载人飞船成功发射，北京2022年冬奥会火种到达中国、防疫手册及奖牌公布，我国将在部分地区试点房产税改革。

视频网站 video streaming platforms

Major Chinese video streaming platforms iQiyi, Youku and Tencent Video announced that they were canceling the practice of charging fees for early access to TV show episodes before they are available to other members and the general public.
国内主要视频平台爱奇艺、优酷、腾讯视频宣布取消剧集超前付费点播服务。

【知识点】

所谓超前点播，是视频网站推出的一项增值服务（value-added service），用户需要在VIP会员的基础上额外付费才能提前解锁未播出的内容（VIP members have to pay extra to unlock the yet-to-be-broadcast content in advance），且用户只能按顺序逐集购买（on an episode by episode basis），不能自由选择。

超前点播最早始于2019年，当时《陈情令》在腾讯视频成为超级爆款，腾讯视频试行“超前点播”功能，大获成功。据片方在庆功宴上透露，该剧付费点播人数达520万人次，超前付费总金额达1.56亿元。

就在同年底《庆余年》播出时，作为拼播剧，腾讯视频和爱奇艺同时运用了这一模式，VIP 用户再支付 50 元即可提前观看 6 集，引起舆论热议。

今年《扫黑风暴》热播时，平台方再次推出超前点播升级版——逐集解锁，这一模式被官方点名批评。

On Aug 30, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee issued a document saying that consumers have the right to choose which episode they want to watch and that the so-called “unlocking in sequence” is an unfair sales tactic.
8月30日，上海消费者保护委员会发文称，消费者有权选择看哪一集，所谓的“逐集解锁”行为是一种不公平的销售策略。

9月9日，中国消费者协会也就此发声。

The China Consumers Association expressed its view that VIP services on video platforms should be in compliance with laws and regulations.
中国消费者协会表示，视频平台的VIP服务应该依法合规。

Consumers pay membership fees to have early access to TV series on video platforms, while the new practice of pay-per-view in advance is suspected to be an infringement of members' rights.
消费者花钱购买VIP会员就可以享受提前观看剧集的权利，而“超前点播”行为涉嫌损害会员权益。

滥用市场支配地位 abuse dominant market position

China's top market watchdog on Friday fined the internet giant Meituan 3.442 billion yuan for abusing its dominant market position in the country's online food delivery platform market and ordered the company to "comprehensively rectify" its operations. The fine is equal to about 3 percent of the Meituan's total domestic sales revenue of 114.748 billion yuan in 2020, according to China's State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) in an online statement.
10月8日，市场监管总局宣布，认定美团滥用在中国境内网络餐饮外卖平台服务市场的支配地位，决定处以其2020年中国境内销售额1147.48亿元3%的罚款，计34.42亿元，并要求其进行全面整改。

【词汇讲解】

“滥用市场支配地位”除了上文中的abuse dominant market position以外，也可以用abuse market dominance表示。Abuse这个词可以用作动词或名词，均表示“滥用，虐待”等意思，比如：power abuse/to abuse power（滥用职权）、child abuse/to abuse a child（虐待儿童）、drug abuse/abuse drugs（药物滥用）、verbal abuse/verbally abuse someone（语言暴力）等。

《国务院反垄断委员会关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南》中列出的滥用市场支配地位行为表现形式包括：不公平价格行为、低于成本销售、拒绝交易、限定交易、搭售或者附加不合理交易条件差别待遇等（unfair pricing, sales below cost, refusal-to-deal, restricted trading, tie-in sales, attaching unreasonable trading conditions and differential treatment）。

市场监管总局成立专案组，依法扎实高效推进案件查办，广泛开展调查取证，获取大量证据材料并全面深入分析，查明案件事实；组织专家反复深入开展研究论证；多次听取美团陈述意见，保障其合法权利；确保本案事实清楚、证据确凿、定性准确、处理恰当、手续完备、程序合法。

China's market watchdog found that, since 2018, Meituan had abused its market position in domestic food delivery services, forcing merchants to sign exclusive cooperation agreements.
经查，2018年以来，美团滥用在中国境内网络餐饮外卖平台服务市场的支配地位，促使平台内商家与其签订独家合作协议。

The company was also found to have taken multiple punitive measures, including charging merchant deposits and employing technological tactics involving data and algorithms, pressuring those merchants to "pick one out of two" to exclude competitors and limit market competition.
该公司通过收取独家合作保证金和数据、算法等技术手段，采取多种惩罚性措施，保障“二选一”行为实施，排除、限制了相关市场竞争。

Those behaviors have weakened the innovative dynamics and vitality of the platform, and harmed the interests of the platform merchants and consumers, said the SAMR.
上述行为削弱平台创新动力和发展活力，损害平台内商家和消费者的合法权益。

The market watchdog has ordered Meituan to stop illegal activities, return nearly 1.289 billion yuan in deposits paid by merchants to cooperate exclusively with the company's food ordering and delivery platform.
市场监管总局责令美团停止违法行为，全额退还独家合作保证金12.89亿元。

Meituan has also been ordered to comprehensively rectify its misconduct, including improving the commission charging mechanism and algorithm rules, safeguarding the legitimate interests of small and medium-sized catering businesses on the platform, and strengthening the protection of the lawful rights and interests of the delivery personnel.
同时，要求其围绕完善平台佣金收费机制和算法规则、维护平台内中小餐饮商家合法利益、加强外卖骑手合法权益保护等进行全面整改。

【词汇讲解】

Commission这个词，常见的意思是“委员会”，比如：中央全面依法治国委员会（the Commission for Law-based Governance under the CPC Central Committee），中央纪律检查委员会（the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection），国家卫生健康委员会（National Health Commission）等，但是在本文的语境中，commission指的是“a fee paid to an agent or employee for transacting a piece of business or performing a service，especially a percentage of the money received from a total paid to the agent responsible for the business”（代理人或员工完成一项交易或服务后收取的费用，尤指从整个交易费用中划出的一定比例的金钱收入），也就是“佣金，提成，抽成”等，比如：He gets a commission for each car he sells（他每卖掉一辆车就有一份提成收入）。

The company should submit reports on the improvements in its practices over the next three years and accomplish regulated, innovative, healthy and sustainable development, according to the SAMR.
美团应连续三年向市场监管总局提交自查合规报告，确保整改到位，实现规范创新健康持续发展。

山西暴雨 heavy downpour in Shanxi

10月2日至7日，山西省多地遭遇强降雨。

More than 120,000 people have been temporarily evacuated after continuous downpours triggered floods in north China's Shanxi province, authorities said Sunday.The floods have disrupted the lives of 1.76 million residents from 76 counties, cities and districts, according to the provincial department of emergency management.Some 190,000 hectares of crops were damaged and more than 17,000 houses collapsed, the department said.
山西省应急管理厅表示，连续强降雨引发的洪涝灾害已导致山西76个县（市、区）约176万人受灾，12万多人转移安置，约19万公顷农作物受灾，1.7万余间房屋倒塌。

【知识点】

从气象上来说，24小时降水量（24-hour precipitation）为50毫米或以上的雨称为“暴雨”（rainstorm/ downpour/ torrential rain）。特大暴雨是一种灾害性天气（disastrous weather），往往造成“洪涝灾害”（flood），在山区还会引发“山体滑坡”（landslide）和“泥石流”（debris flow）。Landslide（山体滑坡）是暴雨使山体不堪重负，由山体薄弱地带断开整体下滑，而debris flow（泥石流）是暴雨使沙土石达到水饱和，在重力的作用下液化的泥沙石向低洼处流动。

Heavy rains hav damaged a 25-meter wall section of the ancient town of Pingyao, a UNESCO world heritage site famous for its well-preserved ancient architecture.
受强降雨影响，平遥古城墙发生局部坍塌，坍塌长度约25米。平遥古城是联合国教科文组织世界遗产，是保存完好的知名古建筑。

Meanwhile, 60 coal mines have suspended operations after heavy rain lashed the coal-rich province, local authorities said on Friday.
当地政府10月8日表示，受强降雨影响，该省60个煤矿暂停生产。

Operations at 372 non-coal mines, 14 hazardous-chemical enterprises, over 1,000 construction projects and 166 scenic spots have also been suspended.
同时，暂时关闭非煤矿山372座、危化企业14家，在建工程1000多个，景区166个。

山西此轮降水极端异常，导致汾河、沁河、浊漳河等多条河流发生涨水过程及险情。

The dyke of the Fenhe River, a major tributary of the Yellow River, near Qiaodong village in Xinjiang county was breached at about 5 pm Thursday, said the municipal publicity department of Yuncheng. The Xinjiang section in the lower reaches of the river is facing the largest flood crest in nearly four decades.
运城市宣传部表示，10月7日17点，汾河下游新绛段遭遇近40年来最大洪峰，新绛县桥东村附近的汾河部分堤坝发生决口。汾河是黄河的一条主要支流。

【知识点】

在水文学上，支流（tributary）指汇入另一条河流（或其他水体）而不直接入海的河流。支流所汇入的河流称为干流或主流（mainstream），两河或多河交汇之处称为合流或合流处（confluence）。与支流相反的情况称为分流（distributary）。

The nearly 20-meter-long dyke breach was closed on Friday.
10月8日，这个近20米长的堤坝决口完成封堵。

抢险救灾进展

Local authorities have heightened and consolidated 13.7 km of the river dykes and evacuated 17,631 residents.
当地政府已疏散17631名群众，加高加固堤坝13.7公里。

The provincial authorities have earmarked 50 million yuan to support the flood control and relief work, 20 million will be used for disaster relief work for people severely impacted by flooding.
山西省已紧急下达省级雨涝灾害救灾资金5000万元，其中2000万元用于支持受灾严重的群众。

On Saturday, the China National Commission for Disaster Reduction and the Ministry of Emergency Management jointly activated a Level-IV emergency response to floods in Shanxi and dispatched a working team to the affected area. The province has also issued a Level-III emergency response for natural disasters.
10月9日，国家减灾委、应急管理部启动国家Ⅳ级救灾应急响应并派出工作组赶赴灾区。山西省同时启动自然灾害III级应急响应。

山西究竟下了多少雨？

中央气象局的一位专家表示：

The heavy rain in Shanxi lasted from Oct 2 to 6, and it was accompanied by thunderstorms and a significant drop in temperature.
强降雨从10月2日持续到6日，同时伴有雷暴和明显降温。

The average rainfall in Shanxi for the month of October is 31.1 millimeters, but from 8 pm on Oct 2 to 8 am of Oct 7, it saw precipitation averaging 119.5 mm. Eighteen counties in the province had more than 200 mm of rain during the period, with a maximum recording of 285.2 mm, the expert said.
山西全省10月份月平均降水量为31.1毫米。但是从10月2日20时至7日8时，山西省平均降水量达119.5毫米。全省有18个县（市、区）降水超过200毫米，累计降水量最大为285.2毫米。

A total of 63 national weather monitoring stations in the province saw the accumulated precipitation figures reach record highs.
全省63个国家气象观测站过程累计降水量超过同期历史极值。

《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会 COP 15

10月11日，2020年联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会在云南昆明正式开幕。

先来简单科普一下：

In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity.
1993年，《生物多样性公约》正式生效，公约确立了保护生物多样性、可持续利用其组成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遗传资源而产生的惠益三大目标，全球生物多样性保护开启了新纪元。

《生物多样性公约》是一项保护地球生物资源的国际性公约，由联合国环境和发展大会于1992年6月5日通过并开放给各国签字、批准和加入，目前共有196个缔约方。中国是批准加入该公约最早的国家之一（the first countries to become a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity）。

缔约方大会（the Conference of the Parties，COP）是《生物多样性公约》的最高议事和决策机制（the highest mechanism for discussing and making decisions），每两年召开一次。缔约方大会采取协商一致的原则，决议的通过需要经过所有缔约方的同意。

“联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会”英文全称为 the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity，简称为COP15。

COP15原本应于2020年10月召开。受疫情影响，会议召开时间经历两次变更。联合国《生物多样性公约》秘书处于今年8月正式对外公告，会议将于2021年10月11日至15日和2022年上半年分两阶段在昆明召开。

本次大会的主题是：生态文明：共建地球生命共同体（Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth），以线上和线下相结合的方式举办。

More than 1,800 participants will gather at a forum on ecological civilization on Thursday and Friday at a sideline event. The forum will cover a wide range of topics, including coping with climate change and nature-based ecological protection and restoration.
10月14日至15日，1800多名嘉宾将参加大会期间的平行活动——生态文明论坛，探讨应对气候变化、基于自然的生态保护和修复等话题。

COP15为何不同寻常？

缔约方大会每10年要制定未来10年的生物多样性保护目标。2010年，COP10制定了2011至2020年全球生物多样性保护目标，即“爱知目标”（Aichi biodiversity targets）。

COP 15, the largest UN gathering on biodiversity in a decade, is tasked with elaborating on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and identifying new protection goals through 2030.
第15次缔约方大会是十年来最大规模的联合国生物多样性大会，要审议“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”，制定2020年至2030年新的生物多样性保护目标。

会议地点为何选在云南昆明？

云南以极其丰富的生物多样性而闻名于世，被誉为“动物王国”“植物王国”“世界花园”“物种基因库”。

Yunnan province, home to more than a half of China's plant species and more than 6,000 animal species, has set up multiple initiatives to protect biodiversity in the past decades.
云南省植物种数占我国的半数以上，拥有6000多种动物种类，过去几十年间，该省建立了多个生物多样性保护项目。

More than 120 rescue and protection projects targeting plant species with extremely small populations have been implemented in Yunnan in the past five years, with 30 protection zones marked out.
过去五年间，云南省执行了120多个救助保护项目，划定了30个保护区，主要针对数量及其稀少的植物种类。