一周热词榜（8.20-26）

3. 细菌耐药
antimicrobial resistance, AMR

请看例句：

China announced a State-level plan on Thursday to curb antimicrobial resistance, which involves 14 ministries and agencies, including health, agriculture, food and drug, and environmental protection.
我国25日宣布《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划》，该计划涉及卫生、农业、食药、环保等14个部门机构。

细菌耐药(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)是全球公共健康领域面临的一项重大挑战(a major global public health challenge)。细菌耐药指细菌、真菌、病毒、寄生生物(bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites)等微生物对于抗菌药物的耐受性(resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug)，起初该药物能对这种微生物引起的感染进行有效治疗(that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it)。 耐药性根据其发生原因可分为获得耐药性(acquired resistance)和固有耐药性(intrinsic resistance)。

《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2016-2020年)》的出台背景是：抗菌药物广泛应用于医疗卫生(be widely used in health care)、农业养殖领域，在治疗感染性疾病挽救患者生命(treat infectious diseases and save patients' lives)、防治动物疫病(animal epidemic prevention and treatment)提高养殖效益以及保障公共卫生安全中，发挥了重要作用。但是，由于新型抗菌药物研发能力(R&D capability)不足、药店无处方销售抗菌药物(sales of antimicrobial drugs without prescriptions in some pharmacies)、医疗和养殖领域不合理应用抗菌药物、制药企业(pharmaceutical enterprise)废弃物排放(waste discharge)不达标、群众合理用药(rational drug use)意识不高等多种因素，细菌耐药问题日益突出。

文件提出，从国家层面实施综合治理策略和措施，对抗菌药物的研发、生产、流通、应用环节加强监管(intensify oversight in research and development, production, distribution and application of antimicrobial drugs)，加强宣传教育、加强国际交流合作(intensify international cooperation and exchanges)，应对细菌耐药带来的风险挑战。到2020年，争取研发上市全新抗菌药物1-2个，新型诊断仪器设备和试剂5-10项(one or two new antimicrobial drugs, and five to ten new testing devices as well as reagents will be developed and made available by 2020)。零售药店凭处方销售抗菌药物的比例基本达到全覆盖(basically all retail drugstores should sell antimicrobial drugs only when provided with prescriptions)，省(区、市)凭兽医处方销售抗菌药物的比例达到50%。全国二级以上医院基本建立抗菌药物临床应用管理机制(establish a management mechanism to strictly control clinical application of antimicrobial drugs)。对医务人员、养殖一线兽医和养殖业从业人员完成抗菌药物合理应用培训(medical staff, veterinarians and employees of poultry and livestock industries finish training on the proper use of antimicrobial drugs)；全面实施中小学抗菌药物合理应用科普教育(all primary and middle school students should be educated on the issue)。

[相关词汇]

卫生条件 sanitary conditions

耐药感染 drug-resistant infections

耐药菌株，抗性品系 resistant strains

抗生素耐药 antibiotic resistance

抗生素滥用 antibiotic abuse

诊断试验 diagnostic test