《中国性别平等与妇女发展》白皮书（双语全文）

三、妇女与教育
III. Women and Education

中国积极促进教育公平，调整教育结构，坚持贯彻性别平等原则，努力保障男女平等接受教育的权利和机会。
China actively promotes equality in education, adjusting the structure of education, adhering to the principle of gender equality, and working hard to guarantee equal rights and opportunities for both men and women to access education.

男女受教育差距明显缩小。贯彻落实《中华人民共和国义务教育法》等相关法律法规和政策，采取切实措施，提高妇女受教育水平。实施女童专项扶助政策，保障适龄女童平等接受义务教育。2014年男女童小学净入学率均为99.8%，提前实现联合国千年发展目标。女性接受初中及以上，特别是高等教育的机会显著增加。2014年，初中和高中在校生中的女生比例分别为46.7%和50.0%；普通高等学校本专科和硕士研究生在校生中的女生比例分别为52.1%和51.6%，博士研究生在校生中的女生比例增至36.9%。设立扫盲教育专项资金，降低妇女文盲人数，2013年女性15岁及以上文盲率为6.7%，比1995年降低了17.4个百分点，女性文盲人口比1995年减少了7000多万。女性平均受教育年限提高，性别差距缩小。第六次全国人口普查显示，2010年6岁以上人口中女性平均受教育年限达到8.4年，比10年前提高了1.3年，与男性的差距比10年前缩小0.2年。
The gender gap in education has been markedly narrowed. The state implements the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws, regulations and policies, and takes practical measures to improve women's education. It has implemented a special policy to ensure school-age girls enjoy equal access to compulsory education. In 2014, the net primary school enrolment rates of boys and girls were both 99.8 percent, meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. Women now enjoy greater opportunities in junior high school education and above, particularly further education. In 2014, the proportion of female students in junior high schools was 46.7 percent and that in high schools was 50 percent; in institutions of higher learning women accounted for 52.1 percent of undergraduate students, 51.6 percent of postgraduate students, and 36.9 percent of students studying for Ph.D. degrees. The state has set up special funds to reduce the number of illiterate women. In 2013, the illiteracy rate for females at and over the age of 15 was 6.7 percent, 17.4 percentage points lower than in 1995; and the population of illiterate women fell by more than 70 million as compared with 1995. Women's average years of schooling have increased, and the gender gap has narrowed. The Sixth National Census showed that the average years of schooling for women over the age of six were 8.4 years in 2010, 1.3 years more than in 2000, and the gender gap had narrowed by 0.2 year as compared with 2000.

妇女接受职业教育和技能培训的比例不断提高。国家制定和完善职业教育的法律政策，加大职业教育经费投入，完善助学政策体系，扩大妇女接受职业教育规模。2014年，接受中等职业教育的女性规模达到805万，普通中专在校女生达到397万，分别占总数的44.7%和53.0%；全国接受各种非学历高等和中等教育的女性规模分别达到346万和2000多万。开展“新型农民科技培训工程”“国家高技能人才振兴计划”和针对农民工职业技能提升的“春潮行动”“阳光工程”等多样化培训，满足不同妇女群体的职业发展需求。2013年，女性参加政府培训机构举办的职工技能培训人数占培训总数的43.0%。
More and more women have been receiving vocational education and skill training. The state has enacted and improved laws and policies on vocational education, allocating more funds in this regard, improving student aid policies and increasing the number of women receiving vocational education. In 2014, the number of women receiving secondary vocational education was 8.05 million, accounting for 44.7 percent of the total, and the number of females studying in technical secondary schools was 3.97 million, making up 53 percent of the total student body in similar schools. Around the country, 3.46 million women had received non-degree higher education and more than 20 million had received non-degree secondary education. The state launched a project to train farmers in new technology, a plan for cultivating highly skilled personnel, in addition to a number of training programs for improving the vocational skills of migrant workers, such as the Spring Tide Action and Sunshine Project, to meet the needs of different groups of women for their vocational development. In 2013, women who participated in skill training programs organized by government training institutions accounted for 43 percent of the total number of trainees.

保障少数民族妇女和偏远贫困地区女童等公平享有教育资源。制定积极政策，开设少数民族专门学校，采取倾斜性定向招生措施，大幅增加少数民族女性接受各级各类教育的资源。制定贫困女童和女生专项教育计划，确保偏远、贫困地区女生平等享有教育机会。加快农村寄宿制学校建设，改善农村女童的学习生活条件。出台专项政策，为流动儿童在流入地接受教育创造条件。重视特殊教育，增加残疾妇女接受各级各类教育的资源，残疾妇女受教育水平不断提高。性别平等原则和理念逐步融入教学和科研。越来越多的学校开始在教育内容和教学方式中引入性别平等理念，一些地方尝试在中小学开设性别平等教育课程，引导学生树立男女平等的性别观念。在一些师资培训计划和师范类院校课程中增加性别平等内容，增强教育工作者的性别平等意识。提高各级各类学校和教育行政部门决策和管理层的女性比例，女性在高等教育教学及管理等领域的参与状况明显改善，2014年，高校女教师比例为48.1%，比1995年增长了18.1个百分点。高等学校女性学学科建设不断加强。目前，百余所高校开设了440余门女性学和性别平等课程，女性学硕士、博士学位点不断增多。将性别平等议题纳入国家哲学社会科学规划，支持开展性别平等与妇女发展研究。
Women of ethnic minority groups, girls in remote poverty-stricken areas and other female groups now enjoy equal access to educational resources. The state has adopted proactive policies to set up vocational schools specially catered to ethnic minority students, and introduced preferential measures for targeted enrolment, substantially expanding ethnic minority women's access to educational resources of various types and at all levels. The state has developed special education programs for poor girls and schoolgirls, ensuring girls in remote and poor areas equal access to education. It has been accelerating the construction of boarding schools in rural areas, thereby improving the study and living conditions of rural girls. Specific policies have been introduced to provide education for migrant children where they move. China also attaches importance to special education, increasing disabled women's access to educational resources of various types and at all levels; as a result, disabled women have improved access to education. Principles and concepts of gender equality are gradually extending into teaching and scientific research. More and more schools have begun to introduce the idea of gender equality in educational content and teaching methods, and some primary and high schools are now offering courses in gender equality, directing younger students to relate to the idea of gender equality. Gender equality has also been introduced to some teacher training programs and normal school courses, in order to enhance teachers'awareness of gender equality. More women now occupy positions of decision-making and management in schools and educational administrative departments of all types and at all levels, greatly improving women's participation in teaching, management and some other areas of higher education. In 2014, the proportion of female teachers in institutions of higher learning was 48.1 percent, an increase of 18.1 percentage points over 1995. Women's studies continues to strengthen as a discipline in institutions of higher learning. Currently, more than 100 colleges and universities offer in excess of 440 courses on women's studies and gender equality, and the number of master's and doctoral programs on women's studies continues to grow. The state has also included gender equality in the national plans of philosophy and social sciences to support research in gender equality and women's issues.