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张明权 |
“双租族”指的是本来拥有住房,却选择将房子出租给别人,自己再另外租房子居住,身兼房主与租客双重身份的人群。近年来,随着购房成本的不断上升以及租赁市场的持续升温,这种特殊的租赁方式在北京悄然兴起。
参考译文:
Here come double renters
"Double renters" are those who rent a house and then rent their own out to others. They are tenants and landlords at the same time. With the constant upsurge of house prices and the ever greater demand for rentals, "double renting" has gradually caught on in Beijing.
To me, the rise of "double renters" can be attributed to two factors: the egregious difficulty of school enrollment and the horrid traffic congestion. As the first factor is concerned, in Beijing, for example, primary schools in Xicheng District, Dongcheng District and Haidian District are generally deemed as "noble" ones due to the favors bestowed on them by the government so that they have attracted parents to send their children here at all costs. As a result, these parents need to rent a house nearby to take care of their children. Then due to the high house prices, quite a lot of people buy a house far away from where they work, so they choose to be the "double renters".
“双租族”是一个汉语新词。汉语新词的英译通常有几种途径:一是查看该新词是否是从英语翻译过来的,如果是,就可以简单地采用回译的翻译策略;二是查找英语对等词,关于对等词的理解不可过于机械,如果能达到部分对等,就可以考虑采用,并附加适当的解释文字;三是完全没有可能找到对等词,或者该词带有浓重的中国文化色彩,这样的话可以考虑音译或字对字的翻译,并附加适当的解释。笔者在查找与“双租族”有关的英文网页时一波三折,起初我想到的关键词主要是double, rent(ing), leas(ing), group, tenant, landlord这些,结果找到的一些相关的表达方式,比如tenant-landlord, double leasing等,都与汉语的“双租族”一词的含义想去甚远,但这些搭配的存在又给字对字翻译造成了困难,因为这样原有的搭配所形成的意义很容易干涉对汉语译入词的正确理解。这样来看,double rent group, tenant-landlord group等词就不是很好的选项了。
有些网友另辟蹊径,翻译成LOLI (let out let in),可惜英语let in并无“租进来”的意思,因此不够妥当。网友simmon和webweb关于造新词的想法是好的,两个人分别造出了telord和tena-lord两个英语新词,simmon还对如何附加解释进行了详细的说明,这一造词法使我们想起了ungelivable这个流行一时的网络词汇,但我不禁还是要问,我们有权创造英语单词吗?这确实是一个很棘手的问题,尽管语言符号存在着任意性(arbitrariness),但同时语言符号也存在像似性(iconicity)。即便是就任意性而言,这种任意性的本质也非符号与意义之间的任意匹配,它一方面受制于社会语言意义上的约定俗成,另一方面受制于符号及符号组合的可能性与适宜性。我们作为外语使用者,还是慎重一点为好,毕竟在我看来,我们创造英语词汇的权力要比创造汉语的词汇要小得多。
最后笔者经过调整搜索关键词,终于找到了double renter这个表达方式,具体的英文解释和网站地址如下:Double renters are also those who rent close to the best schools to ensure that their children are within the catchment of these very popular schools, and in turn rent out their property (http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/What-Is-A-Double-Renter-/2358737)。在上句上,catchment是个比喻,本来指“集水区”,但这里指“学区”。
文中的另外一些词汇的翻译,也很值得讨论,比如“惊人”与“骇人”,都有很多同义的对等词可以选择,通览网友的用词,不少网友的选择还不够“惊人”与“骇人”,感觉稍显温柔。“贵族”这个词英译后可以加上引号,可以避免不必要的误解。“掏空口袋”不可直译,它隐含的意思就是“不惜一切代价(at any costs)”;“接送孩子”也不必翻译的那么机械,因为在这里租房子陪孩子上学的人,其实就是把生活整个搬了过来,因此翻译成to take care of their children更明确一些。
最后一句话“另一种是家实在太远,由于房价居高不下,大量消费者购房意愿和购买现实不相符”,汉语表述的不是很清楚,在英译时要结合上文做一些变通, 网友zebra的翻译也注意到了这一问题:The other parents choose to be members of the "Double-Renting Tribe" as a result of the really long distance between the school and their homes. As the housing price remains stubbornly high, many purchasers cannot afford to buy houses as they like. 但在理解上和我有所不同,我觉得从写作的角度来说,上面提到了两个问题,这句话就应该是与第二因素有关的。这里的翻译如果不明晰化,可能让老外看不懂,但明晰化也确实存在不同见解的问题。说实在的,翻译久了才发现,译者比作者更认真,作者写作的时候可以随心所欲一些,而译者从来都不能,这也是译者最痛苦的地方。
参考译文:
Haidilao: all out of IWOM
Haidilao becomes the best annotator of IWOM. For a time, all over the major forums and Weibo platforms, Haidilao was said to everything but a hotpot chain, it was "hailed" as the cosmic hero Ultraman ready to meet all demands of the customers. In a short period of time, stories about the "heroic" Haidilao spread on the internet like rampant computer virus. It was "prompted" to audaciously take over the Ministry of Railways, the Red Cross, and even the whole planet. Then netizens saw through the game of paid posters and when they realized that their opinions had been manipulated, they were ready to deal a counterblow with the same IWOM.
“段子”这个词最初可能源于网络上流行的一些“黄段子(dirty joke)”,但后来它的词义发展了,因为人们又创造了“红段子(red message)”,而关于海底捞的段子既不是“黄段子”,也不是“红段子”,倒有点“传闻(hearsay)”或“编造的故事(invented story)”的意思,不过在实际翻译中,可以婉转一些,翻译成story就可以了。
这段文字最难翻译的不是其中的词汇,而是它的语言风格。在中间部分,对海底捞的叙事直接套用了网络上那些带有浓厚夸张色彩的句子,隐含着作者对海底捞所采取的网络营销模式的批评,这一点从后文的“谍影”这个词的使用可以看出。笔者在翻译时,给一些词加上了引号,这样做的目的是为了让英语读者更容易看出那些非事实的成分。
标题的翻译套用了句式all out of love,正所谓“成也萧何,败也萧何”。网友的翻译在句式处理和词汇应用上也都存在不少的问题。比如这句:As good experiences in Haidishao circulated online like internet worms, there were even louder calls to hand over the Ministry of Railways(China) and the Red Cross Society of China to this business. Good experiences对译“段子”明显是不对的,译者忽视了全文的基调,海底捞的网络口碑营销最终成了一个失败的案例,所以不存在什么“好的经验”;原文反讽的语调更是没有译出。
标准普尔公司降低美国评级对中国的负面影响,或许即将显现。中国的外汇储备资产高达近3.2万亿美元,一些人估计其中约70%为美元计价资产,大部分是美国国债。
参考译文:
China urges on US to act on debt
The negative impact on China is perhaps to arise soon of the US ratings downgrade by Standard & Poor's. China's foreign exchange assets amount to approximately a worth of USD3,200 billion, 70% of which are nothing more than capital in US dollars themselves with American treasury securities taking the lion's share.
In an editorial published on August 7 by Xinhua News Agency in China titled America should Clarify Its "Responsibility" in the World Economy, China urges on US to act on its debts to China. The article says, as the biggest economy, the biggest debtor nation, and one of the major issuers of reserve currency in the world, the US "should not indulge in the depreciation of US dollars, or adopt any new monetary means to exacerbate the situation", and "the policy makers of this state should raise their awareness of 'responsibility' and remind themselves of the 'simple' duty and honor embodied in the maxim that 'he who owes money pays the debt'”.
在本题翻译中,一些网友的语法分析有误,比如“标准普尔公司降低美国评级对中国的负面影响,或许即将显现”这一句的翻译中的错误:
1) It may be probable for the Standard & Poor to reduce the side effect upon China by the graded U.S.
2) Standard and Pool's corporation may weaken the American’s debt crisis impact on China.
3) Standard & Poor's may reduce the negative impact of American downgrading on China and perhaps it will happen.
从上述错误可以看出,对汉语的语法分析同样很重要,我们这里用括号的形式分析如下:
[(标准普尔公司降低美国评级)(对中国)的负面影响],或许即将显现。
这样我们可以看到,小括号内是两个定语,“标准普尔公司降低美国评级”不是句子的主干部分,翻译成英语同样不能成为主干部分,所以上述三个句子的翻译就明显错了。
文中所提到中国发出声音,提醒美国“借钱要还”在目前的形势下,也只是一种提醒,所以在翻译的时候要正确理解和处理,即要表达出中国人的声音,也要实事求是地传达出原文的意思,有些地方也可以借助词汇的引申意义和意象来潜在传达向自己的意图。笔者在第一段中使用了(taking) the lion's share 这个成语,意图表达其中隐含的风险。最后一句中,笔者更是直译了中国的一句古话,“欠债还钱(he who owes money pays the debt)”,这句话套用了英语句式,he who plays with fire gets burnt,提醒的意思更清楚了。
一些词语的翻译也需灵活处理,比如“决策机制”,翻译成policy-makers比翻译成policy-making mechanisms要好,不少网友的处理都是正确的。“放任”这个词的翻译也有一些讲究,翻译成indulge in的目的旨在于批评美国放任自流的态度,millennium网友用了indulge这个词,但没有注意到及物性问题。
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专家简介:
张明权,安徽省固镇县人,江苏大学外国语学院副教授,英语语言文学硕士,上外博士课程班进修。主要从事英语语言学和翻译学研究,在国内外学术期刊发表论文10余篇,出版译著两部,发表其他文章20余篇,有大量翻译实践经验,翻译总字数接近200万。Email: mqzhang@ujs.edu.cn。
(作者:张明权 中国日报网英语点津 编辑:Julie)